Monégat M, Sermet C, Perronnin M, Rococo E. Polypharmacy: definitions, measurement and stakes involved - review of the literature and measurement tests. Quest d’économie la Santé 2014;204:1–8.

WHO Centre for Health Development (‎Kobe, Japan)‎. A glossary of terms for community health care and services for older persons. Kobe, Japan : WHO Centre for Health Development. 2004. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/68896

Kantor ED, Rehm CD, Haas JS, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL. Trends in Prescription Drug Use Among Adults in the United States From 1999-2012. JAMA. 2015 Nov 3;314(17):1818–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nishtala PS, Salahudeen MS. Temporal Trends in Polypharmacy and Hyperpolypharmacy in Older New Zealanders over a 9-Year Period: 2005–2013. Gerontology. 2015;61(3):195–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jyrkkä J, Enlund H, Lavikainen P, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Association of polypharmacy with nutritional status, functional ability and cognitive capacity over a three-year period in an elderly population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011 May;20(5):514–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kojima T, Akishita M, Nakamura T, Nomura K, Ogawa S, Iijima K, et al. Association of polypharmacy with fall risk among geriatric outpatients. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011 Oct;11(4):438–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Mbamalu D, Ebrahimi S, Khan AA, Chan TF. The prevalence of polypharmacy in elderly attenders to an emergency department - a problem with a need for an effective solution. Int J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun 2;4:22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fried TR, O’Leary J, Towle V, Goldstein MK, Trentalange M, Martin DK. Health Outcomes Associated with Polypharmacy in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2014 Dec;62(12):2261–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bourgeois FT, Shannon MW, Valim C, Mandl KD. Adverse drug events in the outpatient setting: an 11-year national analysis. Pharmacoepidem Drug Safe. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):901–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mallet L, Spinewine A, Huang A. The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly people. The Lancet. 2007 Jul 14;370(9582):185–91.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chanfreau-Coffinier C, Hull LE, Lynch JA, DuVall SL, Damrauer SM, Cunningham FE, et al. Projected Prevalence of Actionable Pharmacogenetic Variants and Level A Drugs Prescribed Among US Veterans Health Administration Pharmacy Users. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 05;2(6):e195345.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rollason V, Vogt N. Reduction of polypharmacy in the elderly: a systematic review of the role of the pharmacist. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(11):817–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guillot J, Maumus-Robert S, Marceron A, Noize P, Pariente A, Bezin J. The Burden of Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Chronic Polypharmacy. J Clin Med. 2020 Nov 20;9(11):3728.

Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 Dec;5(4):345–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Nov;63(11):2227–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Motter FR, Fritzen JS, Hilmer SN, Paniz ÉV, Paniz VMV. Potentially inappropriate medication in the elderly: a systematic review of validated explicit criteria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;74(6):679–700.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

By the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(4):674–694.

Steinman MA, Beizer JL, DuBeau CE, Laird RD, Lundebjerg NE, Mulhausen P. How to Use the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria-A Guide for Patients, Clinicians, Health Systems, and Payors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(12):e1-e7.

Duerden M, Avery T, Payne R. Polypharmacy and medecines optimisation. Making it safe and sound. London: The king’s fund; 2013.

Spinewine A, Schmader KE, Barber N, Hughes C, Lapane KL, Swine C, et al. Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: how well can it be measured and optimised? The Lancet. 2007 Jul 14;370(9582):173–84.

Article  Google Scholar 

Klarin I, Wimo A, Fastbom J. The association of inappropriate drug use with hospitalisation and mortality: a population-based study of the very old. Drugs & Aging. 2005;22(1):69–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DEB, Lyles A, Bennett RG. Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005 Jan 10;165(1):68–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perri M, Menon AM, Deshpande AD, Shinde SB, Jiang R, Cooper JW, et al. Adverse outcomes associated with inappropriate drug use in nursing homes. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Mar;39(3):405–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Price SD, Holman CDJ, Sanfilippo FM, Emery JD. Association between potentially inappropriate medications from the Beers criteria and the risk of unplanned hospitalization in elderly patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Jan;48(1):6–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Handler SM, Ruby CM, et al. Prevalence of Unplanned Hospitalizations Caused by Adverse Drug Reactions Among Older Veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Jan;60(1):34–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Womack JA, Murphy TE, Rentsch CT, Tate JP, Bathulapalli H, Smith AC, et al. Polypharmacy, hazardous alcohol and illicit substance use and serious falls among PLWH and uninfected comparators. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2019 Nov 1;82(3):305–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fick DM, Mion LC, Beers MH, Waller JL. Health Outcomes Associated With Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. Res Nurs Health. 2008 Feb;31(1):42–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies EA, O’Mahony MS. Adverse drug reactions in special populations – the elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;80(4):796–807.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper JA, Moriarty F, Ryan C, Smith SM, Bennett K, Fahey T, et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in two populations with differing socio-economic profiles: a cross-sectional database study using the PROMPT criteria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72:583–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guillot J, Rentsch CT, Gordon KS, Justice AC, Bezin J. Potentially inappropriate medication use by level of polypharmacy among US Veterans 49-64 and 65-70 years old. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2022;31(10):1056–1074.

Moriarty F, Cahir C, Bennett K, Hughes CM, Kenny RA, Fahey T. Potentially inappropriate prescribing and its association with health outcomes in middle-aged people: a prospective cohort study in Ireland. BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 16;7(10):e016562.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hall-Lipsy EA, Chisholm-Burns MA. Pharmacotherapeutic disparities: racial, ethnic, and sex variations in medication treatment. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 Mar 15;67(6):462–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soldin O, Mattison D. Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(3):143–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olafuyi O, Parekh N, Wright J, Koenig J. Inter‐ethnic differences in pharmacokinetics—is there more that unites than divides? Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021 Nov 2;9(6):e00890.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orenstein L, Chetrit A, Goldman A, Novikov I, Dankner R. Polypharmacy is differentially associated with 20-year mortality among community-dwelling elderly women and men: The Israel Glucose Intolerance, Obesity and Hypertension cohort study. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2023 Apr 1;211:111788.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chang TI, Park H, Kim DW, Jeon EK, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Polypharmacy, hospitalization, and mortality risk: a nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 3;10(1):18964.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ratigan AR, Michaud V, Turgeon J, Bikmetov R, Gaona Villarreal G, Anderson HD, et al. Longitudinal Association of a Medication Risk Score With Mortality Among Ambulatory Patients Acquired Through Electronic Health Record Data. J Patient Saf. 2021 Jun 1;17(4):249–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahman MM, Howard G, Qian J, Garza K, Abebe A, Hansen R. Disparities in all-cause mortality with potentially inappropriate medication use: Analysis of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(1):44–52.

Article  PubMed