Greenwald AG, Banaji MR. Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychol Rev 1995;102(1):4–27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7878162.

Sabin J, Nosek BA, Greenwald A, Rivara FP. Physicians’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes About Race by MD Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(3):896–913. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0185. (In eng). S154868690930025X [pii].

Zestcott CA, Blair IV, Stone J. Examining the Presence, Consequences, and Reduction of Implicit Bias in Health Care: a Narrative Review. Group Process Intergroup Relat 2016;19(4):528-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216642029.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JL. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998;74(6):1464–80. (Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.) (In eng) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9654756.

Penner LA, Dovidio JF, Gonzalez R, et al. The Effects of Oncologist Implicit Racial Bias in Racially Discordant Oncology Interactions. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(24):2874-80. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.66.3658.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hagiwara N, Slatcher RB, Eggly S, Penner LA. Physician Racial Bias and Word Use During Racially Discordant Medical Interactions. Health Commun 2017;32(4):401-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1138389.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blair IV, Steiner JF, Fairclough DL, et al. Clinicians’ Implicit Ethnic/Racial Bias and Perceptions of Care Among Black and Latino Patients. Ann Fam Med 2013;11(1):43-52. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1442.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, et al. The Associations of Clinicians’ Implicit Attitudes About Race with Medical Visit Communication and Patient Ratings of Interpersonal Care. American journal of public health 2012;102(5):979–87. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558.  (In eng).

Johnson RL, Roter D, Powe NR, Cooper LA. Patient race/ethnicity and quality of patient-physician communication during medical visits. American journal of public health 2004;94(12):2084–90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569958.

Street RL, Jr., Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM. How Does Communication Heal? Pathways Linking Clinician-Patient Communication to Health Outcomes. Patient Educ Couns 2009;74(3):295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bukstein DA. Patient Adherence and Effective Communication. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;117(6):613-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.08.029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meguerditchian AN, Dauphinee D, Girard N, et al. Do Physician Communication Skills Influence Screening Mammography Utilization? BMC Health Serv Res 2012;12:219. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-219.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnett MJ, Thorpe RJ, Jr., Gaskin DJ, Bowie JV, LaVeist TA. Race, Medical Mistrust, and Segregation in Primary Care as Usual Source of Care: Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study. J Urban Health 2016;93(3):456–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0054-9. (In eng).

Gonzalez CM, Garba RJ, Liguori A, Marantz PR, McKee MD, Lypson ML. How to Make or Break Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. Acad Med 2018;93(11S Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions):S74-S81. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002386.

Gonzalez CM, Deno ML, Kintzer E, Marantz PR, Lypson ML, McKee MD. A Qualitative Study of New York Medical Student Views on Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. J Gen Intern Med 2019;34(5):692-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04891-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liaison Committee on Medical Education. Functions and structure of a medical school: standards for accreditation of medical education programs leading to the M.D. degree. Liaison Committee on Medical Education. (https://lcme.org/publications/).

Koh NJ, Wagner R, Newton RC, Kuhn C, Co J, Weiss KB. CLER National Report of Findings 2021. Chicago, IL. : Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, 2021.

Butkus R, Serchen J, Moyer DV, et al. Achieving Gender Equity in Physician Compensation and Career Advancement: a Position Paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2018;168(10):721-723. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3438.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabin JA. Tackling Implicit Bias in Health Care. N Engl J Med 2022;387(2):105-107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2201180.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper LA, Saha S, van Ryn M. Mandated Implicit Bias Training for Health Professionals-a Step Toward Equity in Health Care. JAMA Health Forum 2022;3(8):e223250. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.3250.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

deShazo RD, Hoesley CJ, Vickers SM. Ending Racial Bias in American Medicine: a Call for Help from the AMA, NMA, AAMC, and the Rest of Us. Am J Med 2021;134(5):565-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.11.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Association of American Medical Colleges. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Competencies 2022.

Gonzalez CM, Onumah CM, Walker SA, Karp E, Schwartz R, Lypson ML. Implicit Bias Instruction Across Disciplines Related to the Social Determinants of Health: a Scoping Review. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-022-10168-w.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mavis SC, Caruso CG, Dyess NF, Carr CB, Gerberi D, Dadiz R. Implicit Bias Training in Health Professions Education: a Scoping Review. Med Sci Educ 2022;32(6):1541-1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-022-01673-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gleicher ST, Chalmiers MA, Aiyanyor B, et al. Confronting Implicit Bias Toward Patients: a Scoping Review of Post-graduate Physician Curricula. BMC Med Educ 2022;22(1):696. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03720-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Ryn M, Hardeman R, Phelan SM, et al. Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: a Medical Student CHANGES Study Report. J Gen Intern Med 2015;30(12):1748-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3447-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 1998;73(4):403–7. (In eng) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9580717).

Sukhera J, Wodzinski M, Teunissen PW, Lingard L, Watling C. Striving While Accepting: Exploring the Relationship Between Identity and Implicit Bias Recognition and Management. Acad Med 2018;93(11S Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 57th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions):S82-S88. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002382.

Vela MB, Kim KE, Tang H, Chin MH. Innovative Health Care Disparities Curriculum for Incoming Medical Students. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23(7):1028–32.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0584-2. (In eng).

Teal CR, Shada RE, Gill AC, et al. When Best Intentions Aren’t Enough: Helping Medical Students Develop Strategies for Managing Bias About Patients. J Gen Intern Med 2010;25 Suppl 2:S115-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1243-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez CM, Kim MY, Marantz PR. Implicit Bias and Its Relation to Health Disparities: a Teaching Program and Survey of Medical Students. Teach Learn Med 2014;26(1):64-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2013.857341.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez CM, Fox AD, Marantz PR. The Evolution of an Elective in Health Disparities and Advocacy: Description of Instructional Strategies and Program Evaluation. Acad Med 2015;90(12):1636-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000850.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

White AA, 3rd, Logghe HJ, Goodenough DA, et al. Self-Awareness and Cultural Identity as an Effort to Reduce Bias in Medicine. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018;5(1):34-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-017-0340-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez CM, Walker SA, Rodriguez N, Karp E, Marantz PR. It Can Be Done! A Skills-Based Elective in Implicit Bias Recognition and Management for Preclinical Medical Students. Acad Med 2020;95:S150-S155. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003697.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez CM, Walker SA, Rodriguez N, Noah YS, Marantz PR. Implicit Bias Recognition and Management in Interpersonal Encounters and the Learning Environment: a Skills-Based Curriculum for Medical Students. MedEdPORTAL 2021;17:11168. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11168.

Rodriguez N, Kintzer E, List J, et al. Implicit Bias Recognition and Management: Tailored Instruction for Faculty. J Natl Med Assoc 2021;113(5):566-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2021.05.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sukhera J, Wodzinski M, Rehman M, Gonzalez CM. The Implicit Association Test in Health Professions Education: a Meta-Narrative Review. Perspect Med Educ 2019;8(5):267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-00533-8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jindal M, Thornton RLJ, McRae A, Unaka N, Johnson TJ, Mistry KB. Effects of a Curriculum Addressing Racism on Pediatric Residents’ Racial Biases and Empathy. J Grad Med Educ 2022;14(4):407-413. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-21-01048.1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calardo SJ, Kou M, Port C, et al. Realizing Inclusion and Systemic Equity in Medicine: Upstanding in the Medical Workplace (RISE UP)-an Antibias Curriculum. MedEdPORTAL 2022;18:11233. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11233.

Kidd VD, Spisak JM, Vanderlinden S, Kayingo G. A Survey of Implicit Bias Training in Physician Assistant and Nurse Practitioner Postgraduate Fellowship/Residency Programs. BMC Med Educ 2022;22(1):598. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03664-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stein JN, Gaddy JJ, Sorah JD, Wooten M, Gibson K, Collichio FA. Seeking Ra