Funding

This research was supported by funding from Arnold Venture, a philanthropic organization committed to promoting evidence-based policy and social change. The funding provided by Arnold Venture was used to support the data analysis and dissemination of the research findings.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest that could bias the outcomes or interpretation of the research findings. All authors involved in this study have no financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest that could influence the research process or results.

Data availability

As this study utilized secondary data analysis, the data and materials used in this research are available and can be accessed through appropriate channels.

Ethics approval

This study has received ethics approval from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health institutional review board (IRB) or ethics committee. The use of secondary data analysis in this study ensured that all data were obtained and used in compliance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Any potential ethical concerns related to the use of human subjects in research were thoroughly considered and addressed in accordance with established ethical standards.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Code availability

Upon request from the corresponding author.

Author contributions

JC: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and visualization. MM: Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, and project administration. MPS: Conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. AJT: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, and project supervision.