Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones P, Karim Sulaiman S, Gamage KN, Tokas T, Jamnadass E, Somani BK. Do lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol, and exercise impact your risk of developing kidney stone disease? Outcomes of a systematic review. J Endourol. 2021;35(1):1–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMaster M, Kim S, Clare L, Torres SJ, Cherbuin N, D’Este C, et al. lifestyle risk factors and cognitive outcomes from the multidomain dementia risk reduction randomized controlled trial, body brain life for cognitive decline (BBL-CD). J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(11):2629–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Namen M, Prendergast L, Peiris C. Supervised lifestyle intervention for people with metabolic syndrome improves outcomes and reduces individual risk factors of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2019;101:153988.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel YR, Gadiraju TV, Gaziano JM, Djousse L. Adherence to healthy lifestyle factors and risk of death in men with diabetes mellitus: the physicians’ health study. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(1):139–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan TA, Field D, Chen V, Ahmad S, Mejia SB, Kahleova H, et al. Combination of multiple low-risk lifestyle behaviors and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(3):643–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Delgado-Velandia M, Gonzalez-Marrachelli V, Domingo-Relloso A, Galvez-Fernandez M, Grau-Perez M, Olmedo P, et al. Healthy lifestyle, metabolomics and incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort from Spain. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Schoufour J, Wang DD, Dhana K, Pan A, Liu X, et al. Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;368:l6669.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi Z, Zhang T, Byles J, Martin S, Avery JC, Taylor AW. Food habits, lifestyle factors and mortality among oldest old Chinese: the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS). Nutrients. 2015;7(9):7562–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matheson EM, King DE, Everett CJ. Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(1):9–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anothaisintawee T, Lertrattananon D, Thamakaison S, Reutrakul S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Thakkinstian A. Direct and indirect effects of serum uric acid on blood sugar levels in patients with prediabetes: a mediation analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:6830671.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bombelli M, Quarti-Trevano F, Tadic M, Facchetti R, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, et al. Uric acid and risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus in a general Italian population: data from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni study. J Hypertens. 2018;36(7):1492–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong X, Li Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Tu R, Wang Y, et al. Independent and interactive effect of sitting time and physical activity on prevalence of hyperuricemia: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Kang J. Association of urinary cotinine-verified smoking status with hyperuricemia: analysis of population-based nationally representative data. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang T, Rayamajhi S, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, et al. Dietary patterns and risk for hyperuricemia in the general population: Results from the TCLSIH cohort study. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2022;93:111501.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng R, Yang M, Bao Y, Li H, Shan Z, Zhang B, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic health in subjects with obesity in Chinese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(11):13662–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He H, Pan L, Pa L, Cui Z, Ren X, Wang D, et al. Data resource profile: the china national health survey (CNHS). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1734–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuddy ML. Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1). J Pract Nurs. 2005;55(4):17–21; quiz 2–3.

Zhu N, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Han Y, Yang L, et al. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Chinese adults: a 10-year prospective study of 0.5 million people. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang YX, Wang XL, Leong PM, Zhang HM, Yang XG, Kong LZ, et al. New Chinese dietary guidelines: healthy eating patterns and food-based dietary recommendations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(4):908–13.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao M, Wei YX, Lyu J, Yu CQ, Guo Y, Bian Z, et al. [The cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference for predicting metabolic risk factors in Chinese adults]. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi. 2019;40(12):1533–40.

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 1):S67–74.

Article  Google Scholar 

Iseki K, Ikemiya Y, Inoue T, Iseki C, Kinjo K, Takishita S. Significance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for developing ESRD in a screened cohort. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(4):642–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durrleman S, Simon R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med. 1989;8(5):551–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang JB, Jiang Y, Wei WQ, Yang GH, Qiao YL, Boffetta P. Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to smoking in China. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(6):959–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tingley D, Yamamoto T, Hirose K, Keele L, Imai K. Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis. J Stat Softw. 2014;59(5).

Imai K, Keele L, Tingley D. A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psychol Methods. 2010;15(4):309–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan WC, Wu CD, Chen MJ, Huang YT, Chen CJ, Su HJ, et al. Fine particle pollution, alanine transaminase, and liver cancer: a taiwanese prospective cohort study (REVEAL-HBV). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(3):djv341.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Hedderson MM, Quesenberry CP, Feng J, Ferrara A. Central obesity increases the risk of gestational diabetes partially through increasing insulin resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2019;27(1):152–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beydoun MA, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Canas JA, Beydoun HA, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Dietary factors are associated with serum uric acid trajectory differentially by race among urban adults. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(8):935–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiong Z, Zhu C, Qian X, Zhu J, Wu Z, Chen L. Serum uric acid is associated with dietary and lifestyle factors in elderly women in suburban Guangzhou in Guangdong province of south China. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(1):30–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He H, Pan L, Ren X, Wang D, Du J, Cui Z, et al. The effect of body adiposity and alcohol consumption on serum uric acid: a quantile regression analysis based on the china national health survey. Front Nutr. 2021;8:724497.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda A, Tani M, Koike K, Yamakado M, et al. Changes in waist circumference and body mass index in relation to changes in serum uric acid in Japanese individuals. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(2):410–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SK, Choe JY. Association between smoking and serum uric acid in Korean population: data from the seventh Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(7):e14507.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fanning N, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N, Stamp LK. An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: a health paradox. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018;47(6):825–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sivasankari R, Usha B. Reshaping the gut microbiota through lifestyle interventions in women with PCOS: a review. Indian J Microbiol. 2022;62(3):351–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei W, Jiang WB, Tian Z, Wu HY, Ning H, Yan GC, et al. Fecal g. Streptococcus and g. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group combined with sphingosine to modulate the serum dyslipidemia in high-fat diet mice. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(6):4234–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dwidar M, Park JY, Mitchell RJ, Sang BI. The future of butyric acid in industry. Sci World J. 2012;2012:471417.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chu Y, Sun S, Huang Y, Gao Q, Xie X, Wang P, et al. Metagenomic analysis revealed the potential role