McKeown NM, Fahey GC Jr., Slavin J, van der Kamp JW. Fibre intake for optimal health: how can healthcare professionals support people to reach dietary recommendations? BMJ 2022, 378:e054370.

Evans CEL. Dietary fibre and cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence and policy. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020;79:61–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei B, Liu Y, Lin X, Fang Y, Cui J, Wan J. Dietary fiber intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Nutr. 2018;37:1935–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satija A, Hu FB. Cardiovascular benefits of dietary fiber. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14:505–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L, Meigs JB. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2005;112:3066–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Neill S, O’Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev. 2015;16:1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20:12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen JP, Chen GC, Wang XP, Qin L, Bai Y. Dietary fiber and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis and review of related mechanisms. Nutrients 2017, 10.

Abou Ziki MD, Mani A. Metabolic syndrome: genetic insights into disease pathogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016;27:162–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pennacchio LA, Olivier M, Hubacek JA, Cohen JC, Cox DR, Fruchart JC, et al. An apolipoprotein influencing triglycerides in humans and mice revealed by comparative sequencing. Science. 2001;294:169–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nilsson SK, Heeren J, Olivecrona G, Merkel M, Apolipoprotein. A-V; a potent triglyceride reducer. Atherosclerosis 2011, 219:15–21.

Beckstead JA, Oda MN, Martin DD, Forte TM, Bielicki JK, Berger T et al. Structure-function studies of human apolipoprotein A-V: A regulator of plasma lipid homeostasis. Biochemistry. 2003, 42:9416-23.

Nilsson SK, Lookene A, Beckstead JA, Gliemann J, Ryan RO, Olivecrona G. Apolipoprotein A-V interaction with members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Biochemistry. 2007, 46:3896– 904.

Kong S, Cho YS. Identification of female-specific genetic variants for metabolic syndrome and its component traits to improve the prediction of metabolic syndrome in females. BMC Med Genet. 2019;20:99.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kraja AT, Vaidya D, Pankow JS, Goodarzi MO, Assimes TL, Kullo IJ, et al. A bivariate genome-wide approach to metabolic syndrome: STAMPEED consortium. Diabetes. 2011;60:1329–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Zhang D, Zhou D, Li Z, Li Z, Fang L, et al. Susceptibility loci for metabolic syndrome and metabolic components identified in Han Chinese: a multi-stage genome-wide association study. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:1106–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oh SW, Lee JE, Shin E, Kwon H, Choe EK, Choi SY, et al. Genome-wide association study of metabolic syndrome in Korean populations. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0227357.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park JM, Park DH, Song Y, Kim JO, Choi JE, Kwon YJ, et al. Understanding the genetic architecture of the metabolically unhealthy normal weight and metabolically healthy obese phenotypes in a Korean population. Sci Rep. 2021;11:2279.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu C, Bai R, Zhang D, Li Z, Zhu H, Lai M, et al. Effects of APOA5 -1131T > C (rs662799) on fasting plasma lipids and risk of metabolic syndrome: evidence from a case-control study in China and a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56216.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai CQ, Corella D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Adiconis X, Zhu Y et al. Dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids modulates effect of apolipoprotein A5 gene on plasma fasting triglycerides, remnant lipoprotein concentrations, and lipoprotein particle size: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2006, 113:2062-70.

Sánchez-Moreno C, Ordovás JM, Smith CE, Baraza JC, Lee YC, Garaulet M. APOA5 gene variation interacts with dietary fat intake to modulate obesity and circulating triglycerides in a Mediterranean population. J Nutr. 2011;141:380–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang R, Kim M, Chae JS, Lee SH, Lee JH. Consumption of whole grains and legumes modulates the genetic effect of the APOA5 -1131 C variant on changes in triglyceride and apolipoprotein A-V concentrations in patients with impaired fasting glucose or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Trials. 2014;15:100.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park S, Kang S. Alcohol, carbohydrate, and calcium intakes and smoking interactions with APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788 were associated with elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations in a cross-sectional study of Korean adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020;120:1318–e291.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi WJ, Shin D. Interactions between red and processed meat consumption and APOA5 gene variants associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Genes Nutr. 2022;17:5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baek Y, Seo BN, Jeong K, Yoo H, Lee S. Lifestyle, genomic types and non-communicable diseases in Korea: a protocol for the Korean Medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort study (KDCC). BMJ Open. 2020;10:e034499.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:69–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Armstrong T, Bull F. Development of the world health organization global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). J Public Health. 2006;14:66–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee J, Lee C, Min J, Kang DW, Kim JY, Yang HI, et al. Development of the Korean global physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity study. Glob Health Promot. 2020;27:44–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Park HS, Kim SM, Kwon HS, Kim DY, Kim DJ, et al. Cut-off points of waist circumference for defining abdominal obesity in the Korean population. Korean J Obes. 2006;15:1–9.

Google Scholar 

Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:S1220–28. discussion 29S-31S.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kok CR, Rose D, Hutkins R. Predicting personalized responses to dietary fiber interventions: opportunities for modulation of the gut microbiome to improve health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2023;14:157–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev. 2001;59:129–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne CS, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G. The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:1331–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G. Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms? Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74:328–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hallfrisch J, Facn, Behall KM. Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:s320–25.

Article  Google Scholar 

Delzenne NM, Cani PD. A place for dietary fibre in the management of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005;8:636–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gunness P, Gidley MJ. Mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble dietary fibre polysaccharides. Food Funct. 2010;1:149–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galisteo M, Duarte J, Zarzuelo A. Effects of dietary fibers on disturbances clustered in the metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19:71–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelton SP, Hyre AD, Pedersen B, Yi Y, Whelton PK, He J. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Hypertens. 2005;23:475–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lelong H, Blacher J, Baudry J, Adriouch S, Galan P, Fezeu L, et al. Individual and combined effects of dietary factors on risk of incident hypertension: prospective analysis from the NutriNet-Santé Cohort. Hypertension. 2017;70:712–20.

Article