adjustable gastric banding

agouti-related peptide

adipose tissue macrophages

adenosine triphosphate

β-aminoisobutyric acid

bilio-pancreatic diversion

cardiovascular disease

dorso-medial hypothalamus

dipeptidyl peptidase 4

Food and Drug Administration (U.S.)

fibroblast growth factor 21

fibroblast growth factor receptor

fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 4

growth differentiation factor-15

glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors

glucagon-like peptide 1

gastric inhibitory polypeptide 1 receptor

hepatocellular carcinoma

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

near-infrared fluorophore

major adverse cardiovascular events

melanocortin-4 receptor

non alcoholic fatty liver disease

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

nitric oxide synthase

neuropeptide Y2 receptor

New York Heart Association

pro-hormone proopiomelanocortin

paraventricular nucleus

randomized controlled trial

reactive oxygen species

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

sodium-glucose co-transporter

sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors

type 2 diabetes mellitus

transforming growth factor