Bäcklund C, Elbe P, Gavelin HM, Sörman DE, Ljungberg JK. Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Behav Addict. 2022;11(3):667–88. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00053

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ballabio M, Griffiths MD, Urbán R, Quartiroli A, Demetrovics Z, Király O. Do gaming motives mediate between psychiatric symptoms and problematic gaming? An empirical survey study. Addict Res Theory. 2017;25(5):397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1305360

Article  Google Scholar 

Bányai F, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z, Király O. The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Compr Psychiatry. 2019;94: 152117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152117

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borsboom D. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borsboom D, Deserno MK, Rhemtulla M, Epskamp S, Fried EI, McNally RJ, Waldorp LJ. Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2021;1(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00055-w

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burger J, Isvoranu A-M, Lunansky G, Haslbeck JMB, Epskamp S, Hoekstra RHA, Fried EI, Borsboom D, Blanken TF. Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data. Psychol Methods. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000471

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demetrovics Z, Urbán R, Nagygyörgy K, Farkas J, Zilahy D, Mervó B, Reindl A, Ágoston C, Kertész A, Harmath E. Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ). Behav Res Methods. 2011;43(3):814–25. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dworak M, Schierl T, Bruns T, Strüder HK. Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5):978–85. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0476

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50:195–212.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epskamp S, Cramer AO, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, Borsboom D. qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ewoldsen DR, Eno CA, Okdie BM, Velez JA, Guadagno RE, DeCoster J. Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012;15(5):277–80. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0308

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faulkner G, Irving H, Adlaf EM, Turner N. Subtypes of adolescent video gamers: a latent class analysis. Int J Ment Heal Addict. 2015;13(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9501-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao Y-X, Wang J-Y, Dong G-H. The prevalence and possible risk factors of internet gaming disorder among adolescents and young adults: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;154:35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, Khoo A. Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):e319–29. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1353.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldfield GS, Kenny GP, Hadjiyannakis S, Phillips P, Alberga AS, Saunders TJ, Tremblay MS, Malcolm J, Prud’homme D, Gougeon R, Sigal RJ. Video game playing is independently associated with blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(11):e26643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026643.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomez R, Stavropoulos V, Tullett-Prado D, Schivinski B, Chen W. Network analyses of internet gaming disorder symptoms and their links with different types of motivation. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03708-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halbrook YJ, O’Donnell AT, Msetfi RM. When and how video games can be good: a review of the positive effects of video games on well-being. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019;14(6):1096–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863807.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haslbeck J, Waldorp LJ. mgm: Estimating time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data. arXiv. 2015. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1510.06871.

Article  Google Scholar 

Haslbeck JMB, Waldorp LJ. How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(2):853–61. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0910-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Wainwright M. Statistical learning with sparsity: the lasso and generalizations. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2015.

Book  Google Scholar 

Higgins ET. Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect. Psychol Rev. 1987;94(3):319–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howard MC, Hoffman ME. Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: where theory meets the method. Organ Res Methods. 2018;21(4):846–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117744021.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hull KB. Computer/video games as a play therapy tool in reducing emotional disturbances in children (Publication No. 263) [Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University]. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/263/. Accessed 17 Oct 2023.

Jones PJ, Mair P, McNally RJ. Visualizing psychological networks: a tutorial in R. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1742. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01742.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Király O, Koncz P, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Gaming disorder: a summary of its characteristics and aetiology. Compr Psychiatry. 2023;122:152376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152376.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Király O, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Ágoston C, Nagygyörgy K, Kökönyei G, Demetrovics Z. The mediating effect of gaming motivation between psychiatric symptoms and problematic online gaming: an online survey. J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(4):e88. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3515.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krossbakken E, Pallesen S, Mentzoni RA, King DL, Molde H, Finserås TR, Torsheim T. A cross-lagged study of developmental trajectories of video game engagement, addiction, and mental health. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02239.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lanza ST, Bray BC, Collins LM. An introduction to latent class and latent transition analysis. Handb Psychol. 2013;2:691–716.

Google Scholar 

Lee JW, Chung H. A multivariate latent class profile analysis for longitudinal data with a latent group variable. Commun Stat Appl Methods. 2020;27(1):15–35. https://doi.org/10.29220/CSAM.2020.27.1.015.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lee WY. Understanding problematic use of massively multiplayer online games: instrument development and theoretical model testing [Doctoral dissertation, Hong Kong Baptist University]. https://scholars.hkbu.edu.hk/en/studentTheses/understanding-problematic-use-of-massively-multiplayer-online-gam. Accessed 17 Oct 2023.

Leménager T, Gwodz A, Richter A, Reinhard I, Kämmerer N, Sell M, Mann K. Self-concept deficits in massively multiplayer online role-playing games addiction. Eur Addict Res. 2013;19(5):227–34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000345458.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychol. 2009;12(1):77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Lemmens J, Hong X, Li B, Hao J, Yue Y. A network analysis of internet gaming disorder symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2022;311:114507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114507.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mihara S, Higuchi S. Cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of internet gaming disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71(7):425–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12532.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muthén B, Muthén L. Handbook of item response theory. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2017. p. 507–18.

Google Scholar 

Peel D, McLachlan GJ. Robust mixture modelling using the t distribution. Stat Comput. 2000;10(4):339–48. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008981510081.

Article  Google Scholar 

Przybylski AK, Mishkin AF. How the quantity and quality of electronic gaming relates to adolescents’ academic engagement and psychosocial adjustment. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2016;5(2):145–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000070.

Article  Google Scholar 

Russoniello CV, O’Brien K, Parks JM. The effectiveness of casual video games in improving mood and decreasing stress. J Cyberther Rehabil. 2009;2(1):53–66.

Google Scholar 

Ryan RM, Rigby CS, Przybylski A. The motivational pull of video games: a self-determination theory approach. Motiv Emot. 2006;30(4):344–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Scerri M, Anderson A, Stavropoulos V, Hu E. Need fulfilment and internet gaming disorder: a preliminary integrative model. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;9:100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100144.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Snodgrass JG, Lacy MG, Dengah HJF, Eisenhauer S, Batchelder G, Cookson RJ. A vacation from your mind: problematic online gaming is a stress response. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;38:248–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.06.004.

Article