Braslow, J. T. & Marder, S. R. History of psychopharmacology. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 15, 25–50 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Pereira, J. S. et al. Depression’s unholy trinity: dysregulated stress, immunity, and the microbiome. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 71, 49–78 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100, 57–70 (2000). This review elegantly summarizes current knowledge about the links among depression pathogenesis, immunity and the microbiome, as well as possible therapeutic interventions.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hanahan, D. & Weinberg, R. A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646–674 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Veiga-Fernandes, H. & Artis, D. Neuronal-immune system cross-talk in homeostasis. Science 359, 1465–1466 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Godinho-Silva, C., Cardoso, F. & Veiga-Fernandes, H. Neuro-immune cell units: a new paradigm in physiology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 37, 19–46 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang, S. et al. Lymph nodes are innervated by a unique population of sensory neurons with immunomodulatory potential. Cell 184, 441–459.e25 (2021). This study discovers that lymph node-innervating sensory neurons can interact with several predicted cell types and change their transcriptome, and the unexpected sensory neuro-immune circuit exhibits the capacity to monitor the inflammatory state in the lymph node.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kabata, H. & Artis, D. Neuro-immune crosstalk and allergic inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 1475–1482 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen, C.-S., Barnoud, C. & Scheiermann, C. Peripheral neurotransmitters in the immune system. Curr. Opin. Physiol. 19, 73–79 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, A., Luan, H. H. & Medzhitov, R. An evolutionary perspective on immunometabolism. Science 363, eaar3932 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guyot, M. et al. Apical splenic nerve electrical stimulation discloses an anti-inflammatory pathway relying on adrenergic and nicotinic receptors in myeloid cells. Brain Behav. Immun. 80, 238–246 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Shalan, H. A. M., Hu, D., Nicholls, P. K., Greene, W. K. & Ma, B. Immunofluorescent characterization of innervation and nerve-immune cell neighborhood in mouse thymus. Cell Tissue Res. 378, 239–254 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jung, W. C., Levesque, J. P. & Ruitenberg, M. J. It takes nerve to fight back: the significance of neural innervation of the bone marrow and spleen for immune function. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 61, 60–70 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, X. et al. Brain control of humoral immune responses amenable to behavioural modulation. Nature 581, 204–208 (2020). This well-designed study identifies a specific brain–spleen neural connection in mice that enhances humoral responses in response to an elevated platform regimen.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosas-Ballina, M. et al. Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11008–11013 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyajima, M. et al. Metabolic shift induced by systemic activation of T cells in PD-1-deficient mice perturbs brain monoamines and emotional behavior. Nat. Immunol. 18, 1342–1352 (2017). This paper reveals how the key immune checkpoint molecule PD1 is involved in regulating systemic metabolism, the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and behaviours.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan, K. Q. et al. Stress-induced metabolic disorder in peripheral CD4+ T cells leads to anxiety-like behavior. Cell 179, 864–879.e19 (2019). This interesting study suggests that stress-induced abnormal mitochondrial fission and purine synthesis in CD4+T cells influence oligodendrocytes in the amygdala, which is a prerequisite for the onset of anxiety.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fridman, W. H., Zitvogel, L., Sautes-Fridman, C. & Kroemer, G. The immune contexture in cancer prognosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 14, 717–734 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faulkner, S., Jobling, P., March, B., Jiang, C. C. & Hondermarck, H. Tumor neurobiology and the war of nerves in cancer. Cancer Discov. 9, 702–710 (2019). This comprehensive review summarizes recent progress that deals with the potential link between tumour-induced innervation within the TME and cancer initiation, progression and metastasis.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magnon, C. et al. Autonomic nerve development contributes to prostate cancer progression. Science 341, 1236361 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zahalka, A. H. et al. Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer. Science 358, 321–326 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamiya, A. et al. Genetic manipulation of autonomic nerve fiber innervation and activity and its effect on breast cancer progression. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1289–1305 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cervantes-Villagrana, R. D., Albores-Garcia, D., Cervantes-Villagrana, A. R. & Garcia-Acevez, S. J. Tumor-induced neurogenesis and immune evasion as targets of innovative anti-cancer therapies. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 5, 99 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei, E. K., Wolin, K. Y. & Colditz, G. A. Time course of risk factors in cancer etiology and progression. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 4052–4057 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feng, Z. et al. Chronic restraint stress attenuates p53 function and promotes tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 7013–7018 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jang, H. J., Boo, H. J., Lee, H. J., Min, H. Y. & Lee, H. Y. Chronic stress facilitates lung tumorigenesis by promoting exocytosis of IGF2 in lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 76, 6607–6619 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schoemaker, M. J. et al. Psychological stress, adverse life events and breast cancer incidence: a cohort investigation in 106,000 women in the United Kingdom. Breast Cancer Res. 18, 72 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, Y. H. et al. Depression and anxiety in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 1487–1499 (2020). This systematic review and meta-analysis contains 51 eligible cohort studies involving 2,611,907 participants which test the association between ‘anxiety and depression’ and the risk of cancer incidence, cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality in patients with cancer.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butow, P. et al. Does stress increase risk of breast cancer? A 15-year prospective study. Psychooncology 27, 1908–1914 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomiyama, A. J. Stress and obesity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70, 703–718 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song, H. et al. Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent autoimmune disease. JAMA 319, 2388–2400 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buchanan, T. W. & Lovallo, W. R. The role of genetics in stress effects on health and addiction. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 27, 72–76 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anacker, C. et al. Neuroanatomic differences associated with stress susceptibility and resilience. Biol. Psychiatry 79, 840–849 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Misiewicz, Z. et al. Multi-omics analysis identifies mitochondrial pathways associated with anxiety-related behavior. PLoS Genet. 15, e1008358 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitchell, A. J. et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol. 12, 160–174 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordova, M. J., Riba, M. B. & Spiegel, D. Post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 330–338 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mehnert, A. & Koch, U. Prevalence of acute and post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental disorders in breast cancer patients during primary cancer care: a prospective study. Psychooncology 16, 181–188 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horowitz, M., Neeman, E., Sharon, E. & Ben-Eliyahu, S. Exploiting the critical perioperative period to improve long-term cancer outcomes. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 12, 213–226 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Sch