From the aDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan

bDepartment of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

cDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan City, Korea

dDivision of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of the Philippines–Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines

eDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan

fDepartment of Plastic Surgery, CLAPP Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

gDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Received July 3, 2023, and accepted for publication, after revision July 26, 2023.

J.C.-Y.T. and G.C. contributed equally to this study.

Statement of institutional review board approval: not applicable.

This work was supported in part by a grant from the Craniofacial Research Center, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG3J0823, CMRPG3L0361, CORPG3M0211).

Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.

Authorship participation and contribution: J.C.-Y.T. was responsible for data interpretation and manuscript writing. G.C. was responsible for data collection, data interpretation, manuscript writing, computed analysis, and software calculation; H.J.S., B.T., T.H., and G.Q.F. helped to collect the questionnaires all over the world. P.-Y.C., L.-J.L. and Y.-R.C. were responsible for manuscript critical revisions. All authors were responsible for approval of final version.

Reprints: Pang-Yun Chou, MD, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Shin Street, Kwei Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected].

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