Autism Prevalence Higher, According to Data from 11 ADDM Communities | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC. Accessed 19 Apr 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2023/p0323-autism.html.

Hirvikoski T, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Boman M, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Bölte S. Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208:232–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gillberg C, Billstedt E, Sundh V, Gillberg IC. Mortality in autism: a prospective longitudinal community-based study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0883-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang YI, et al. Mortality and cause of death of Australians on the autism spectrum. Autism Res. 2019;12:806–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith GS, Fleming M, Kinnear D, Henderson A, Pell JP, Melville C, Cooper SA. Mortality in 787,666 school pupils with and without autism: a cohort study. Autism. 2021;25:300.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lunsky Y, Lai MC, Balogh R, Chung H, Durbin A, Jachyra P, Tint A, Weiss J, Lin E. Premature mortality in a population-based cohort of autistic adults in Canada. Autism Res. 2022;15:1550–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E, Gyllenberg D, Sucksdorff D, Suominen A, Kronström K, Chudal R, Sourander A. Risk for premature mortality and intentional self-harm in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021;51:3098–108.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lunsky Y, Lai M-C, Balogh R, Chung H, Durbin A, et al. Premature mortality in a population-based cohort of autistic adults in Canada. Autism Res. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/AUR.2741.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kohane IS, McMurry A, Weber G, et al. The co-morbidity burden of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS ONE. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033224.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bishop-Fitzpatrick L, Movaghar A, Greenberg JS, Page D, DaWalt LS, Brilliant MH, Mailick MR. Using machine learning to identify patterns of lifetime health problems in decedents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2018;11:1120–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Croen LA, Zerbo O, Qian Y, Massolo ML, Rich S, Sidney S, Kripke C. The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism. 2015;19:814–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hand BN, Angell AM, Harris L, Carpenter LA. Prevalence of physical and mental health conditions in Medicare-enrolled, autistic older adults. Autism. 2020;24:755–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powell PS, Pazol K, Wiggins LD, et al. Health status and health care use among adolescents identified with and without autism in early childhood — Four U.S. sites, 2018–2020. MMWR Recommen Rep. 2021;70:605–11.

Google Scholar 

Rydzewska E, Fleming M, Mackay D, Young-Southward G, Blacher J, Ross Bolourian Y, Widaman K, Cooper SA. General health status of youth with autism with and without intellectual disabilities transitioning from special education, and its relationship to personal and family circumstances: longitudinal cohort study. Int J Dev Disabil. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2021.19666000.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rydzewska E, Hughes-Mccormack LA, Gillberg C, Henderson A, Macintyre C, Rintoul J, Cooper SA. Prevalence of long-term health conditions in adults with autism: observational study of a whole country population. BMJ Open. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023945.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fortuna RJ, Robinson L, Smith TH, Meccarello J, Bullen B, Nobis K, Davidson PW. Health conditions and functional status in adults with autism: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31:77–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miot S, Chancel R, Peries M, et al. Multimorbidity patterns and subgroups among autistic adults with intellectual disability: results from the EFAAR study. Autism. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221121623.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rødgaard EM, Jensen K, Miskowiak KW, Mottron L. Autism comorbidities show elevated female-to-male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;144:475.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baldwin S, Costley D. The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2016;20:483–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davignon MN, Qian Y, Massolo M, Croen LA. Psychiatric and medical conditions in transition-aged individuals with ASD. Pediatrics. 2018;141:S335–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tick B, Bolton P, Happé F, Rutter M, Rijsdijk F. Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of twin studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57:585–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharpe RA, Curry W, Brown R, Shankar R. A public health approach to reducing health inequalities among adults with autism. Br J Gen Pract. 2019;69:534–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weir E, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S. Autistic adults have poorer quality healthcare and worse health based on self-report data. Mol Autism. 2022;13:1–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Doherty M, Neilson S, O’Sullivan J, Carravallah L, Johnson M, Cullen W, Shaw SCK. Barriers to healthcare and self-reported adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e056904.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mason D, Ingham B, Birtles H, et al. How to improve healthcare for autistic people: a qualitative study of the views of autistic people and clinicians. Autism. 2021;25:774–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oakley B, Tillmann J, Ruigrok A, et al. COVID-19 health and social care access for autistic people: European policy review. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e045341.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Featherstone C, Sharpe RA, Axford N, Asthana S, Husk K. Health and wellbeing outcomes and social prescribing pathways in community-based support for autistic adults: a systematic mapping review of reviews. Health Soc Care Commun. 2022;30:e621–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Marmot M, Bell R. Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: time for integrated action. BMJ. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.L251.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orsmond GI, Shattuck PT, Cooper BP, Sterzing PR, Anderson KA. Social participation among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:2710–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rumball F, Happé F, Grey N. Experience of trauma and PTSD symptoms in autistic adults: risk of PTSD development following DSM-5 and non-DSM-5 traumatic life events. Autism Res. 2020;13:2122–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weir E, Allison C, Warrier V, Baron-Cohen S. Increased prevalence of non-communicable physical health conditions among autistic adults. Autism. 2021;25:681–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289–300.

Google Scholar 

Marshall A, Altman DG, Holder RL, Royston P. Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9:57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Borkulo CD, Borsboom D, Epskamp S, Blanken TF, Boschloo L, Schoevers RA. Waldorp LJ (2014) A new method for constructing networks from binary data. Sci Rep. 2014;4:1–10.

Google Scholar 

Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50:195–212.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borkulo CV, et al. Comparing network structures on three aspects: a permutation test. Psychol Methods. 2017. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29455.38569.

Article  Google Scholar 

Casanova EL, Baeza-Velasco C, Buchanan CB, Casanova MF. The relationship between autism and ehlers-danlos syndromes, hypermobility spectrum disorders. J Pers Med. 2020;260(10):260.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bishop-Fitzpatrick L, Mazefsky CA, Eack SM, Minshew NJ. Correlates of social functioning in autism spectrum disorder: the role of social cognition. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2017;35:25–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tint A, Brown HK, Chen S, Lai MC, Tarasoff LA, Vigod SN, Parish S, Havercamp SM, Lunsky Y. Health characteristics of reproductive-aged autistic women in Ontario: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Autism. 2021;25:1114–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weiss JA, Isaacs B, Diepstra H, Wilton AS, Brown HK, McGarry C, Lunsky Y. Health concerns and health service utilization in a population cohort of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48:36–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief systematic review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2020;13:261.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central