Funding

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

J.I. Silverberg: Dr Silverberg has received honoraria as a consultant and/or advisory board member for AbbVie, Alamar, Aldena, Amgen, AObiome, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Aslan, BioMX, Biosion, Bodewell, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Cara, Castle Biosciences, Celgene, Connect Biopharma, Dermavant, Dermira, Dermtech, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Kiniksa, LEO Pharma, Menlo, Novartis, Optum, Pfizer, RAPT, Recludix, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, Shaperon, Union, and UpToDate; speaker fees for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi-Genzyme; and his institution received grants from Galderma, Incyte, and Pfizer. A. Armstrong: Dr Armstrong has served as a consultant for and received honoraria from AbbVie, Almirall, Arcutis, ASLAN, Beiersdorf, BI, BMS, EPI, Incyte, LEO Pharma, UCB, Janssen, Lilly, Nimbus, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Sun, Dermavant, Dermira, Sanofi, Regeneron, and Pfizer; she has participated in advisory boards for Boehringer Ingelheim and Parexel. A. Blauvelt: Dr Blauvelt has served as a speaker (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Regeneron, and Sanofi; he has served as a scientific adviser (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Abcentra, Aclaris, Affibody, Aligos, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Anaptysbio, Arcutis, Arena, Aslan, Athenex, Bluefin Biomedicine, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Dermavant, EcoR1, Eli Lilly and Company, Escient, Evelo, Evommune, Forte, Galderma, HighlightII Pharma, Incyte, InnoventBio, Janssen, Landos, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Rani, Rapt, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, TLL Pharmaceutical, TrialSpark, UCB Pharma, Union, Vibliome, and Xencor; and has acted as a clinical study investigator (institution has received clinical study funds) for AbbVie, Acelyrin, Allakos, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Athenex, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Concert, Dermavant, Eli Lilly and Company, Evelo, Evommune, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, UCB Pharma, and Ventyx. K. Reich: Professor Reich has served as advisor and/or paid speaker for and/or participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Forward Pharma, Gilead, Galderma, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly and Company, Medac, Novartis, Ocean Pharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB; Professor Reich is co-founder of Moonlake Immunotherapeutics.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Patient consent to participate/publish

Not applicable.

Availability of data and material

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and/or its supplementary materials. These data were derived from the cited references in the public domain.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Author contributions

JI, AA, AB, and KR substantially contributed to the conception of this article, including interpreting the relevant literature, and have critically revised it for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.