Chanyachailert P, Leeyaphan C, Bunyaratavej S. Cutaneous fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes: an updated comprehensive review of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and diagnostic testing. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(6):669. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060669.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide [published correction appears in Mycoses. 2009 Jan;52(1):95]. Mycoses. 2008;51(Suppl 4):2–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01606.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hainer BL. Dermatophyte infections. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(1):101–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osman M, Kasir D, Rafei R, et al. Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61(8):935–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15967.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grigoryan KV, Tollefson MM, Olson MA, Newman CC. Pediatric tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton soudanense in Rochester, Minnesota, United States. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(8):912–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14352257.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hay RJ. Tinea Capitis: current status. Mycopathologia. 2017;182(1–2):87–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0058-8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, et al. Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia. 2017;182(1–2):5–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0073-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasperova A, Kunert J, Raska M. The possible role of dermatophyte cysteine dioxygenase in keratin degradation. Med Mycol. 2013;51(5):449–54. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2013.794310.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kasperova A, Cahlikova R, Kunert J, Sebela M, Novak Z, Raska M. Exposition of dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes to l-cystine induces expression and activation of cysteine dioxygenase. Mycoses. 2014;57(11):672–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12220.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nenoff P, Krüger C, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Tietz HJ. Mycology—an update. Part 1: dermatomycoses: causative agents, epidemiology and pathogenesis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2014;12(3):188–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12245.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grumbt M, Monod M, Yamada T, Hertweck C, Kunert J, Staib P. Keratin degradation by dermatophytes relies on cysteine dioxygenase and a sulfite efflux pump. J Investig Dermatol. 2013;133(6):1550–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.41.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Danielli LJ, Lopes W, Vainstein MH, Fuentefria AM, Apel MA. Biofilm formation by Microsporum canis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(12):941–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.006.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JC, Santos CT, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJ. In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Biofouling. 2014;30(6):719–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2014.919282.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jazdarehee A, Malekafzali L, Lee J, Lewis R, Mukovozov I. Transmission of onychomycosis and dermatophytosis between household members: a scoping review. J Fungi (Basel). 2022;8(1):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8010060.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raboobee N, Aboobaker J, Peer AK. Tinea pedis et unguium in the Muslim community of Durban, South Africa. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(10):759–65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00550.x.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Watanabe S, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. High prevalence of superficial white onychomycosis by Trichophyton interdigitale in a Japanese nursing home with a geriatric hospital. Mycoses. 2017;60(10):634–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12625.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tuknayat A, Bhalla M, Kaur A, Garg S. Familial dermatophytosis in India: a study of the possible contributing risk factors. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020;13(2):58–60.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baumgardner DJ. Fungal infections from human and animal contact. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2017;4(2):78–89. https://doi.org/10.17294/2330-0698.1418.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan JS. Human zoonotic infections transmitted by dogs and cats. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(17):1933–43.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Filipello Marchisio V, Preve L, Tullio V. Fungi responsible for skin mycoses in Turin (Italy). Mycoses. 1996;39(3–4):141–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00117.x.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boral H, Durdu M, Ilkit M. Majocchi’s granuloma: current perspectives. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:751–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S145027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mirmirani P, Tucker LY. Epidemiologic trends in pediatric tinea capitis: a population-based study from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):916–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverberg NB, Weinberg JM, DeLeo VA. Tinea capitis: focus on African American women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2 Suppl Understanding):S120–4. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.120793.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lobato MN, Vugia DJ, Frieden IJ. Tinea capitis in California children: a population-based study of a growing epidemic. Pediatrics. 1997;99(4):551–4. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.4.551.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abdel-Rahman SM, Farrand N, Schuenemann E, et al. The prevalence of infections with Trichophyton tonsurans in schoolchildren: the CAPITIS study. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):966–73. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2522.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hennessee IP, Benedict K, Dulski TM, Lipner SR, Gold JAW. Racial disparities, risk factors, and clinical management practices for tinea capitis: an observational cohort study among US children with Medicaid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;89(6):1261–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.1025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bender AM, Tang O, Khanna R, Ständer S, Kang S, Kwatra SG. Racial differences in dermatologic conditions associated with HIV: a cross-sectional study of 4679 patients in an urban tertiary care center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(5):1117–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.072.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pariser RJ, Pariser DM. Primary care physicians’ errors in handling cutaneous disorders. A prospective survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(2 Pt 1):239–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70198-4.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yadgar RJ, Bhatia N, Friedman A. Cutaneous fungal infections are commonly misdiagnosed: a survey-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):562–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.041.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yee G, Al Aboud AM. Tinea corporis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544360/.

Leung AK, Lam JM, Leong KF, Hon KL. Tinea corporis: an updated review. Drugs Context. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2020-5-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khurana A, Sardana K, Chowdhary A. Antifungal resistance in dermatophytes: recent trends and therapeutic implications. Fungal Genet Biol. 2019;132: 103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103255.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pathania S, Rudramurthy SM, Narang T, Saikia UN, Dogra S. A prospective study of the epidemiological and clinical patterns of recurrent dermatophytosis at a tertiary care hospital in India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018;84(6):678–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_645_17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudramurthy SM, Shankarnarayan SA, Dogra S, et al. Mutation in the squalene epoxidase gene of trichophyton interdigitale and trichophyton rubrum associated with allylamine resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(5):e02522-e2617. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02522-17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ely JW, Rosenfeld S, Seabury SM. Diagnosis and management of tinea infections. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(10):702–10.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moriarty B, Hay R, Morris-Jones R. The diagnosis and management of tinea. BMJ. 2012;345: e4380. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4380.