Funding: This study was supported by the Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz family living laboratory collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute. ML was supported by the Morris-Singer Fund. Author contributions: SH, GS, EK, DN, ML and NB conceived and designed the study. GS and YBS performed the data extraction and analysis. All authors wrote the manuscript, critically reviewed it and decided to proceed with publication. RDB and NB supervised the analysis process and vouch for the data and analysis. Competing interests: SH, GS, YBS, EK, ND, RDB and NB report institutional grants to Clalit Research Institute from Pfizer outside the submitted work and unrelated to COVID-19, with no direct or indirect personal benefits. ML reports grants from Pfizer, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from Bristol-Meyers Squibb, personal fees from Sanofi Pasteur, personal fees from Janssen, grants from NIH (US), grants from National Institute for Health Research (UK), grants from CDC (US), grants from Open Philanthropy Project, grants from Wellcome Trust, grants from Pfizer outside the submitted work; he has provided unpaid advice on COVID vaccines or vaccine studies to One Day Sooner (nonprofit), CEPI (nonprofit), Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca, Janssen, and COVAXX (United Biosciences). The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: National and organizational data privacy policies prohibit sharing of individual-level data, such as those used for this study, even if anonymized. The analytic code is available at Zenodo (28). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. This license does not apply to figures/photos/artwork or other content included in the article that is credited to a third party; obtain authorization from the rights holder before using such material.