Grant support: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NHS II cohort infrastructure grant of U01 CA176726, Loan Repayment Program and K23 DK125838 to LHN, R37 CA246175, R21 AA027608, and K07 CA218377 to YC, R03 CA197879 and R21 CA222940 to KW, R21 CA230873 to KW, R00 CA215314 to MS, R01 CA202704 to WSG, JI, CH, and ATC, and R35 CA253185 to ATC), American Gastroenterological Association (Research Scholars Award to LHN), the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation (Research Fellowship Award and Career Development Award to LHN and Senior Investigator Award to ATC), American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR, Investigator Initiated Grant to KW), American Cancer Society (Mentored Research Scholar Grant in Applied and Clinical Research to MS), Massachusetts General Hospital (Stuart and Suzanne Steele Research Scholar Award to ATC), STARR Cancer Consortium, and Cancer Research UK (Grand Challenge Award to WSG and CH), and U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute (Food and Agriculture Hatch Multistate Research Capacity Funding Program grant W4122 to JI). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Disclosures: none

Writing Assistance: none

Author Contributions: All authors had access to the study data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Study concept and design: LHN, YC, CH, ATC

Acquisition of data: LHN, YC, CH, ATC

Analysis and interpretation of data: all coauthors

Drafting of the manuscript: LHN, YC, CH, ATC

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors

Statistical analysis: LHN, YC, JH, CH, ATC

Obtained funding: WSG, JI, CH, ATC

Administrative, technical, or material support: CH, ATC

Study supervision: CH, ATC

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the participants and staff of the Nurses’ Health Study II for their valuable contributions and the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. We wish to acknowledge the efforts of the Channing Division of Network Medicine at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data.