Funding: This work was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health grants [U01 CA176726, R01 CA205406, R35 CA197735, R21 CA230873, R03 CA197879, R21 CA222940, R35 CA253185, R37 CA246175, K07 CA218377, R00 CA215314]; by the Department of Defense grant [CA160344]; by the American Cancer Society Mentored Research Scholar Grant [MRSG-17-220-01-NEC]; and by the Project P Fund. The funders of this study had no role in its design or conduct; in the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest statement: Andrew T. Chan reported receiving consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer Inc, and Bayer Pharma AG. Charles Fuchs has been a consultant and/or a scientific advisor for Eli Lilly, Entrinsic Health, Pfizer, Merck, Sanofi, Roche, Genentech, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Dicerna, Bayer, Celgene, Agios, Gilead Sciences, Five Prime Therapeutics, Taiho, and KEW. Kimmie Ng reported the following disclosures for the past 12 months: research funding from Pharmavite, Revolution Medicines, Janssen, and Evergrande Group; Advisory boards for Array Biopharma, Seattle Genetics, and BiomX; and consulting for X-Biotix Therapeurics. No other disclosures were reported.

Author contributions: Yin Cao, Kimmie Ng, and Edward L. Giovannucci contributed equally as co-last authors in this paper. The study was conceived and designed by Hanseul Kim, Yin Cao, Kimmie Ng, and Edward L. Giovannucci. Hanseul Kim analyzed and drafted the manuscript. Xiaoyu Zong checked the accuracy of the analysis. All authors revised the manuscript critically and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Data transparency statement: Information including the procedures for obtaining and accessing data from the Nurses’ Health Studies II is described here: www.nurseshealthstudy.org/researchers