Atlas I. IDF Diabetes Atlas Ninth edition 2019, Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2019.

Franks PW, McCarthy MI. Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Science. 2016;354(6308):69–73.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48(1):44–51.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berghöfer A, et al. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:1–10.

Google Scholar 

Roseman HM. Progression from obesity to type 2 diabetes: lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, and implications for management. J Managed Care Pharmacy: JMCP. 2005;11(6 Suppl B):S3–11.

Google Scholar 

Boden G. Free fatty acids—the link between obesity and insulin resistance. Endocr Pract. 2001;7(1):44–51.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nilsson E, et al. Altered DNA methylation and differential expression of genes influencing metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2014;63(9):2962–76.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yi F, Brubaker PL, Jin T. TCF-4 mediates cell type-specific regulation of proglucagon gene expression by β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(2):1457–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duval A, et al. The human T-cell transcription factor-4 gene: structure, extensive characterization of alternative splicings, and mutational analysis in colorectal cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 2000;60(14):3872–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oving IM, Clevers HC. Molecular causes of colon cancer. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(6):448–57.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li SX, et al. Interaction between genes and macronutrient intake on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic review and findings from European prospective investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-InterAct. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(1):263–75.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grant SF, et al. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2006;38(3):320–3.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Engelbrechtsen L, et al. Homozygous carriers of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 T-allele show altered postprandial response in triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):43128.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cauchi S, et al. Effects of TCF7L2 polymorphisms on obesity in European populations. Obesity. 2008;16(2):476–82.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang S, et al. Association between TCF 7L2 polymorphisms and gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Invest. 2017;8(4):560–70.

Google Scholar 

Geoghegan G, et al. Targeted deletion of Tcf7l2 in adipocytes promotes adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired glucose metabolism. Mol Metabolism. 2019;24:44–63.

Google Scholar 

Kalantari S, et al. Single and multi-locus association study of TCF7L2 gene variants with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in an Iranian population. Gene. 2019;696:88–94.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharafshah A, et al. Association and in Silico studies of ENPP1 gene variants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Northern Iranian population. Gene. 2018;675:225–32.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keshavarz P, et al. Lack of genetic susceptibility of KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism with risk of type 2 diabetes in an Iranian population. Endocr Res. 2014;39(3):120–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alidoust L, Sharafshah A, Keshavarz P. Haplotype-based association study of TCF7L2 gene variants with the development of diabetic retinopathy in an Iranian population. Ophthalmic Genet. 2024;45(3):226–32.

Roglic G. WHO global report on diabetes: A summary. Int J Noncommunicable Dis. 2016;1(1):3–8.

Google Scholar 

Gaaib JN, Nassief AF, Al-Assi A. Simple salting-out method for genomic DNA extraction from whole blood. Tikrit J Pure Sci. 2011;16(2):1813–662.

Google Scholar 

Gabriel SB, et al. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science. 2002;296(5576):2225–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, et al. The diabetes gene and Wnt pathway effector TCF7L2 regulates adipocyte development and function. Diabetes. 2018;67(4):554–68.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ross SE, et al. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt signaling. Science. 2000;289(5481):950–3.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villanueva CJ, et al. TLE3 is a dual-function transcriptional coregulator of adipogenesis. Cell Metabol. 2011;13(4):413–27.

Google Scholar 

Hindle AK, et al. TCF7L2 expression in diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:700–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, et al. Association of TCF7L2 and GCG gene variants with insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and obesity in new-onset diabetes. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016;29(11):814–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corella D, et al. Polymorphism of the transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2) interacts with obesity on type-2 diabetes in the PREDIMED study emphasizing the heterogeneity of genetic variants in type-2 diabetes risk prediction: time for obesity-specific genetic risk scores. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):793.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, et al. Interaction analysis of gene variants of TCF7L2 and body mass index and waist circumference on type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(1):192–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanasegaran K, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes among asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):20062.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Körner A, et al. TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms confer an increased risk for early impairment of glucose metabolism and increased height in obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2007;92(5):1956–60.

Google Scholar 

Ng MC, et al. Implication of genetic variants near TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, IGF2BP2, and FTO in type 2 diabetes and obesity in 6,719 Asians. Diabetes. 2008;57(8):2226–33.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan Y, et al. Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) polymorphism and context-specific risk of type 2 diabetes in African American and Caucasian adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes. 2009;58(1):285–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prokunina-Olsson L, et al. Alternative splicing of TCF7L2 gene in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue and risk of type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(9):e7231.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stolerman E, et al. TCF7L2 variants are associated with increased proinsulin/insulin ratios but not obesity traits in the Framingham heart study. Diabetologia. 2009;52:614–20.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grau K, et al. TCF7L2 rs7903146–macronutrient interaction in obese individuals’ responses to a 10-wk randomized hypoenergetic diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(2):472–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kucharska-Newton AM, et al. Role of BMI in the association of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant with coronary heart disease: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Obes. 2010;2010(1):651903.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klünder-Klünder M, et al. rs12255372 variant of TCF7L2 gene is protective for obesity in Mexican children. Arch Med Res. 2011;42(6):495–501.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vazquez-Roque MI, et al. Association of TCF7L2 allelic variations with gastric function, satiation, and GLP‐1 levels. Clin Transl Sci. 2011;4(3):183–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lukács K, et al. The type 2 diabetes-associated variant in TCF7L2 is associated with latent autoimmune diabetes in adult Europeans and the gene effect is modified by obesity: a meta-analysis and an individual study. Diabetologia. 2012;55:689–93.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaminska D, et al. Adipose tissue TCF7L2 splicing is regulated by weight loss and associates with glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Diabetes. 2012;61(11):2807–13.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cropano C, et al. The rs7903146 variant in the TCF7L2 gene increases the risk of prediabetes/type 2 diabetes in obese adolescents by impairing β-cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1082–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Noordam R, et al. Interrelationship of the rs7903146 TCF7L2 gene variant with measures of glucose metabolism and adiposity: the NEO study. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(2):150–7.

Google Scholar 

Wrzosek M, et al. Age at onset of obesity, transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 polymorphism, adiponectin levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Archives Med Sci. 2019;15(2):321–9.

Google Scholar 

Bauer W et al. Dietary macronutrient intake may influence the effects of TCF7L2 rs7901695 genetic variants on glucose homeostasis and obesity-related parameters: A cross-sectional population-based study. Nutrients, 2021;13(6):1936.

Bride L, et al. TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism association with diabetes and obesity in an elderly cohort from Brazil. PeerJ. 2021;9:e11349.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verma M, et al. TCF7L2 plays a complex role in human adipose progenitor biology, which might contribute to genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2022;133:155240.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cauchi S, et al. The genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes May be modulated by obesity status: implications for association studies. BMC Med Genet. 2008;9:1–9.

Google Scholar 

Bouhaha R, et al. TCF7L2 is associated with type 2 diabetes in Nonobese individuals from Tunisia. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2010;58(6):426–9.