Allanore Y, Simms R, Distler O et al (2015) Systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:15002. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nadel A, Nadel M, Taborska N et al (2024) Heart involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis-what have we learned about it in the last 5 years. Rheumatol Int 44:1823–1836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-024-05699-x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giucă A, Gegenava T, Mihai CM et al (2022) Sclerodermic Cardiomyopathy—A State-of-the-Art review. Diagnostics (Basel) 12:669. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030669

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Györfi A, Filla T, Polzin A et al (2025) Evaluation of systemic sclerosis primary heart involvement and chronic heart failure in the European scleroderma trials and research cohort. J Am Heart Assoc 14(5):e036730. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.124.036730

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruni C, Ross L (2021) Cardiac involvement in systemic sclerosis: getting to the heart of the matter. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 35:101668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2021.101668

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azzam M, Awad A, Abugharbyeh A et al (2023) Myocarditis in connective tissue diseases: an often-overlooked clinical manifestation. Rheumatol Int 43:1983–1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-023-05428-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mueller KAL, Mueller II, Eppler D et al (2015) Clinical and histopathological features of patients with systemic sclerosis undergoing endomyocardial biopsy. PLoS ONE 10:e0126707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126707

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pieroni M, De Santis M, Zizzo G et al (2014) Recognizing and treating myocarditis in recent-onset systemic sclerosis heart disease: potential utility of immunosuppressive therapy in cardiac damage progression. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:526–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.07.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rife E, Simeon CP, Oliveró R et al (2024) Scleroderma cardiac crisis triggered by SARS-CoV2. Can J Cardiol 40:2185–2187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.05.017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bock C-T, Klingel K, Kandolf R (2010) Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis. N Engl J Med 362:1248–1249. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc0911362

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vigneron C, Pène F, Charpentier J et al (2022) Scleroderma cardiac crisis: A-life-threatening but reversible complication of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 21:103162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103162

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapur NK, Kanwar M, Sinha SS et al (2022) Criteria for defining stages of cardiogenic shock severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 80:185–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.049

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J et al (2013) 2013 Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/european league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 65:2737–2747. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38098

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E et al (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 34:2636–2648. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHT210

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED et al (2020) Management of acute myocarditis and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus document. Circ Heart Fail 13:E007405. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J et al (2016) Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 134:e579–e646. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000455

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca G, Matucci-Cerinic M, Mavrogeni SI (2024) Diagnosis and management of primary heart involvement in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 36:76–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000990

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Höppner J, Tabeling C, Casteleyn V et al (2022) Comprehensive autoantibody profiles in systemic sclerosis: clinical cluster analysis. Front Immunol 13:1045523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045523

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barhoum P, Pineton de Chambrun M, Dorgham K et al (2022) Phenotypic heterogeneity of fulminant COVID-19–Related myocarditis in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 80:299–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.04.056

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quentric P, Charuel J-L, Moyon Q et al (2025) Anti-RNApol3-Associated myocarditis: an emerging disease linking autoimmunity and infection. Ann Intensive Care 15:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-025-01443-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leone O, Veinot JP, Angelini A et al (2012) 2011 Consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the association for European cardiovascular pathology and the society for cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovasc Pathol 21:245–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2011.10.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca G, Bombace S, Monti L (2023) Heart involvement in systemic sclerosis: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 64:343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-022-08923-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinal-Fernandez I, Muñoz-Braceras S, Casal-Dominguez M et al (2024) Pathological autoantibody internalisation in myositis. Ann Rheum Dis 83:1549–1560. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2024-225773

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steen VD, Medsger TA (1998) Case-control study of corticosteroids and other drugs that either precipitate or protect from the development of scleroderma renal crisis. Arthritis Rheum 41:1613–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199809)41:91613::AID-ART113.0.CO;2-O

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khanna D, Denton CP, Jahreis A et al (2016) Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous Tocilizumab in adults with systemic sclerosis (faSScinate): a phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 387:2630–2640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00232-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar