Puri K, Jentzer JC, Spinner JA et al (2024) Clinical presentation, classification, and outcomes of cardiogenic shock in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 83(5):595–608
Grün S, Schumm J, Greulich S et al (2012) Longterm follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:1604–1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.007
Pollack A, Kontorovich AR, Fuster V, Dec GW (2015) Viral myocarditis: diagnosis, treatment options, and current controversies. Nat Rev Cardiol 12:670–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.108
McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH et al (2000) Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med 342(10):690–695. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003093421003
Lieberman EB, Hutchins GM, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL (1991) Clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 18(7):1617–1626. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-s
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gagliardi MG, Bevilacqua M, Bassano C et al (2004) Long-term follow-up of children with myocarditis treated by immunosuppression and of children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 90(10):1167–1171. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.026641
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ammirati E, Cipriani M, Lilliu M et al (2017) Survival and left ventricular changes in fulminant versus nonfulminant acute myocarditis. Circulation 136(6):529–545. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.026386
Westman PC, Lipinski MJ, Luger D et al (2016) Inflammation as a driver of adverse left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(17):2050–2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.073
Jeinsen V, Short MI, Larson MG, Xanthakis V et al (2020) Prognostic significance of echocardiographic measures of cardiac remodeling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 33:72
Aimo A, Gaggin HK, Barison A, Emdin M, Januzzi JL (2019) Imaging, biomarker and clinical predictors of cardiac remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 9:782–794
Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S et al (2021) Incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among US persons infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open 4(6):e2116420. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16420
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ et al (2020) Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York state. N Engl J Med 383(4):347–358. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021756
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Belhadjer Z, Méot M, Bajolle F et al (2020) Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Circulation 142(5):429–436. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048360
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P (2020) Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 395(10237):1607–1608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sperotto F, Friedman KG, Son MBF, VanderPluym CJ, Newburger JW, Dionne A (2021) Cardiac manifestations in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a comprehensive review and proposed clinical approach. Eur J Pediatr 180(2):307–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03766-6
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Canter CE, Simpson KE (2014) Diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis in children in the current era. Circulation 129:115–128
Bonaca MP, Olenchock BA, Salem JE et al (2019) Myocarditis in the setting of cancer therapeutics: proposed case definitions for emerging clinical syndromes in cardio-oncology. Circulation 140(2):80–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034497
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barhoum P, Pineton de Chambrun M, Dorgham K et al (2022) Phenotypic heterogeneity of fulminant COVID-19–related myocarditis in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 80:299–312
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sanil Y, Misra A, Safa R et al (2021) Echocardiographic indicators associated with adverse clinical course and cardiac sequelae in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with coronavirus disease 2019. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 34(8):862–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2021.04.018
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sagar S, Liu PP, Cooper LT Jr (2012) Myocarditis. Lancet 379:738–747
Lai WW, Geva T, Shirali GS et al (2006) Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19(12):1413–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2006.09.001
Margossian R, Chen S, Sleeper LA et al (2015) The reproducibility and absolute values of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular size and function in children are algorithm dependent. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(5):549-558.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.01.014
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM et al (1986) Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 57(6):450–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Khoury PR, Mitsnefes M, Daniels SR, Kimball TR (2009) Age-specific reference intervals for indexed left ventricular mass in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22(6):709–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.03.003
Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J et al (2006) Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 7:79–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.12.014
Singh GK, Cupps B, Pasque M, Woodard PK, Holland MR, Ludomirsky A (2010) Accuracy and reproducibility of strain by speckle tracking in pediatric subjects with normal heart and single ventricular physiology: a two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging correlative study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:1143–1152
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D et al (2018) Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to Standardize Deformation Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 19(6):591–600
Levy PT, Machefsky A, Sanchez AA et al (2016) Reference ranges of left ventricular strain measures by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29(3):209-225.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2015.11.016
Sabatino J, Di Salvo G, Prota C et al (2019) Left atrial strain to identify diastolic dysfunction in children with cardiomyopathies. J Clin Med 8(8):1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081243)
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jimbo S, Noto N, Okuma H et al (2020) Normal reference values for left atrial strains and strain rates in school children assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Heart Vessels 35:1270–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-020-01594-0
Comments (0)