Magro R, Borg AA. Characterisation of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Malta: A population based cohort Cross-Sectional study. Volume 2018. BioMed Research International; 2018. p. 2385386. 1.

Anstey N, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Australian aborigines: high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Aust N Z J Med. 1993;23(6):646–51.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dall’Era M, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in San Francisco County, California: the California lupus surveillance project. Volume 69. Arthritis & rheumatology; 2017. pp. 1996–2005. 10.

Izmirly PM, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in new York County (Manhattan), new York: the Manhattan lupus surveillance program. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(10):2006–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bazgir N, Bonyadi M, Shafiei E. Survey rheumatic diseases in ILAM Province, Iran (2018–2019). J Med Chem Sci. 2021;4(6):586–92.

Google Scholar 

Moulton VR, et al. Pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus: a cellular perspective. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(7):615–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kiriakidou M, Ching CL. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(11):Itc81–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cojocaru M, et al. Manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Maedica. 2011;6(4):330.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Basta F, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy: the old and the new. Rheumatol Therapy. 2020;7(3):433–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kumar S, et al. Envisioning the future of nanomedicines in management and treatment of neurological disorders. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2021;24(10):1544–56.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pandey A, et al. Nose-to-brain drug delivery: regulatory aspects, clinical trials, patents, and future perspectives, in Direct nose-to-brain drug delivery. Elsevier; 2021. pp. 495–522.

Virmani R, Virmani T, Pathak K. Nanovesicles for delivery of central nervous system drugs, in Applications of nanovesicular drug delivery. Elsevier; 2022. pp. 315–39.

Choi J, Kim ST, Craft J. The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus-an update. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012;24(6):651–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mok C, Lau C. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56(7):481–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Manson J, Isenberg D. The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neth J Med. 2003;61(11):343–6.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bertsias GK, Salmon JE, Boumpas DT. Therapeutic opportunities in systemic lupus erythematosus: state of the Art and prospects for the new decade. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(9):1603–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Somers EC, Richardson B. Environmental exposures, epigenetic changes and the risk of lupus. Lupus. 2014;23(6):568–76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, et al. Environmental triggers of autoimmunity: the association between bisphenol analogues and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024;278:116452.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ceccarelli F, et al. Genetic factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: contribution to disease phenotype. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015(1):745647.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raupov RK, et al. IFN-I score and rare genetic variants in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomedicines. 2024;12(6):1244.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smith PP, Gordon C. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentations. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;10(1):43–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ball EM, Bell AL. Lupus arthritis—do we have a clinically useful classification? Rheumatology. 2012;51(5):771–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vera-Recabarren M, et al. Comparative analysis of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunological study of 270 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(1):91–101.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Furer V, et al. 2019 Update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(1):39–52.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kostopoulou M, et al. Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: recent data on epidemiology, risk factors and prevention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(6):549–65.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Almaghlouth I, et al. Prevalence of major adverse cardiovascular events among Saudi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus compared with the general population: updates from the National SLE and PURE cohorts. Volume 11. Lupus Science & Medicine; 2024. p. e001158. 1.

Kosałka-Węgiel J, et al. Malignancy in systemic lupus erythematosus: relation to disease characteristics in 92 patients – a single center retrospective study. Rheumatol Int. 2024;44(9):1701–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernatsky S, et al. Cancer risk in systemic lupus: an updated international multi-centre cohort study. J Autoimmun. 2013;42:130–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bernatsky S, et al. Lymphoma risk in systemic lupus: effects of disease activity versus treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):138–42.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yen EY, et al. 46-year trends in systemic lupus erythematosus mortality in the united States, 1968 to 2013: a nationwide population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(11):777–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee Y, et al. Overall and cause-specific mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated meta-analysis. Lupus. 2016;25(7):727–34.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ruiz-Irastorza G, Bertsias G. Treating systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century: new drugs and new perspectives on old drugs. Rheumatology. 2020;59(Supplement5):v69–81.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parodis I, et al. EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(6):720–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertsias G, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(2):195.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Calvo-Alén J, et al. Consenso de La sociedad Española de reumatología sobre El Uso de terapias biológicas En El lupus eritematoso sistémico. Reumatología Clínica. 2013;9(5):281–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang TH, et al. Cyclosporine for the treatment of lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Nephrol. 2018;89(4):277–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Feng X. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with refractory thrombocytopenia: a retrospective study. Lupus. 2018;27(1):60–5.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McCarthy EM, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the British Isles lupus assessment group biologics register. Rheumatology. 2018;57(3):470–9.

Article