Martínez-Barrios E, Grassi S, Brión M, Toro R, Cesar S, Cruzalegui J, Coll M, Alcalde M, Brugada R, Greco A et al (2023) Molecular Autopsy: Twenty Years of Post-Mortem Diagnosis in Sudden Cardiac Death. Front Med (Lausanne) 10

Salzillo C, Sansone V, Napolitano F (2024) Sudden Cardiac death in the Young: state-of-the-art review in molecular autopsy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 46:3313–3327

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lange RA, Hillis LD (2010) Sudden death in Cocaine abusers. Eur Heart J 31:271–273

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fischbach P (2017) The role of Illicit Drug Use in Sudden Death in the Young. Cardiol Young 27:S75–S79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951116002274

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morentin B, Callado LF (2019) Sudden Cardiac Death Associated to substances of abuse and psychotropic drugs consumed by Young people: a Population Study based on forensic autopsies. Drug Alcohol Depend 201:23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.021

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bjune T, Risgaard B, Kruckow L, Glinge C, Ingemann-Hansen O, Leth PM, Linnet K, Banner J, Winkel BG, Tfelt-Hansen J (2018) Post-mortem Toxicology in Young Sudden Cardiac death victims: a Nationwide Cohort Study. Europace 20:614–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw435

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trytell A, Osekowski M, Zentner D, Nehme Z, James P, Pflaumer A, Semsarian C, Ingles J, Stub D, La Gerche A et al (2023) Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use in Young patients with Sudden Cardiac Death. Heart Rhythm 20:1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.06.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morentin B, Ballesteros J, Callado LF, Meana JJ (2014) Recent Cocaine Use is a significant risk factor for Sudden Cardiovascular Death in 15-49-year-old subjects: a forensic case-control study. Addiction 109:2071–2078. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12691

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarquella-Brugada G, Fernandez-Falgueras A, Cesar S, Arbelo E, Coll M, Perez-Serra A, Puigmulé M, Iglesias A, Alcalde M, Vallverdú-Prats M et al (2022) Clinical impact of Rare variants Associated with inherited channelopathies: a 5-Year update. Hum Genet 141:1579–1589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-021-02370-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulz M, Schmoldt A, Andresen-Streichert H, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Revisited (2020) Therapeutic and Toxic Blood Concentrations of More than 1100 Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Critical Care 2020 24:1 24, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-020-02915-5

Adamowicz P (2021) Blood concentrations of synthetic cathinones. Clin Toxicol 59:648–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1848100

Article  Google Scholar 

Arillotta D, Totti A, Dimitrova A, Croce EB, Di Milia MG, Gambassi F, Gualco B, Pieraccini G, Mannaioni G, Vaiano F (2024) Clinical manifestations and Analytical reports for MDPHP Acute intoxication cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115974

Havakuk O, Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA (2017) Cardiovasc Eff Cocaine

O’leary ME (2002) Inhibition of HERG Potassium Channels by Cocaethylene: A Metabolite of Cocaine and Ethanol;; Vol. 53

Pilgrim JL, Woodford N, Drummer OH (2013) Cocaine in Sudden and unexpected death: a review of 49 Post-mortem cases. Forensic Sci Int 227:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.037

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dominic P, Ahmad J, Awwab H, Bhuiyan MS, Kevil CG, Goeders NE, Murnane KS, Patterson JC, Sandau KE, Gopinathannair R et al (2022) Stimulant drugs of abuse and Cardiac Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 15:E010273

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooper CJ, Said S, Alkhateeb H, Rodriguez E, Trien R, Ajmal S, Blandon PA, Hernandez GT (2013) Dilated Cardiomyopathy Secondary to Chronic Cocaine Abuse: A Case Report

Cinq-Mars A, Massot M, Belzile D, Turgeon PY, Dubois-Sénéchal S-M, Laliberté C, Komlosy M-È, Leblanc M-H, Bergeron S, O’Connor K et al (2022) Heavy burden of toxic dilated cardiomyopathy among young adults: a retrospective study and review of the literature. Can J Cardiol 38:49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.11.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Restrepo CS, Rojas CA, Martinez S, Riascos R, Marmol-Velez A, Carrillo J, Vargas D (2009) Cardiovascular complications of Cocaine: imaging findings. Emerg Radiol 16:11–19

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reddy PKV, Ng TMH, Oh EE, Moady G, Elkayam U (2020) Clinical Characteristics and Management of Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Heart Assoc 9

Westover AN, Nakonezny PA, Haley RW (2008) Acute myocardial infarction in young adults who abuse amphetamines. Drug Alcohol Depend 96:49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.027

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Westover AN, Halm EA (2012) Do Prescription Stimulants Increase the Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events? A Systematic Review

Abdullah CS, Aishwarya R, Alam S, Morshed M, Remex NS, Nitu S, Kolluru GK, Traylor J, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M et al (2020) Methamphetamine induces cardiomyopathy by Sigmar1 inhibition-dependent impairment of mitochondrial dynamics and function. Commun Biol 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01408-z

Pilgrim JL, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH, Bollmann M (2009) Involvement of amphetamines in Sudden and unexpected death. J Forensic Sci 54:478–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00949.x

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Groenewegen KL, Gresnigt FMJ, Lonkhuyzen JJN, van; den Haan C, Franssen EJF, Riezebos RK, Ohana D, de Lange DW (2024) Cardiotoxicity after Synthetic Cathinone Use; two cases, a Case Series and Scoping Review. Cardiovasc Toxicol 24:209–224

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sellorsm K, Jones A, Chan B (2014) Death due to Intravenous Use of α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone. Med J Aust 201:601–603. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.00203

Article  Google Scholar 

Greenwald MK, Lundahl LH, Shkokani LA, Syed S, Roxas RS, Levy PD (2021) Effects of Cocaine and/or heroin use on resting Cardiovascular function. Int J Cardiology: Cardiovasc Risk Prev 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcrp.2021.200123

Rezkalla S, Kloner RA (2019) Cardiovascular effects of Marijuana. Trends Cardiovasc Med 29:403–407

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hartung B, Kauferstein S, Ritz-Timme S, Daldrup T (2014) Sudden unexpected death under Acute Influence of Cannabis. Forensic Sci Int 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.02.001

Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos D, Woodford NW (2019) Cannabis as a cause of death: a review. Forensic Sci Int 298:298–306

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grassi S, Vidal MC, Campuzano O, Arena V, Alfonsetti A, Rossi SS, Scarnicci F, Iglesias A, Brugada R, Oliva A (2021) Sudden death without a Clear cause after Comprehensive Investigation: an Example of Forensic Approach to Atypical/Uncertain findings. Diagnostics 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050886

Jouanjus E, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Micallef J (2014) Cannabis Use: Signal of increasing risk of Serious Cardiovascular disorders. J Am Heart Assoc 3. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000638

Latif Z, Garg N (2020) The impact of Marijuana on the Cardiovascular System: a review of the Most Common Cardiovascular events Associated with Marijuana Use. J Clin Med 9:1–16

Article  Google Scholar 

Kariyanna P, Wengrofsky P, Jayarangaiah A, Haseeb S, Salciccioli L, Hegde S, Marmur J, Soliman Y, Al-Bayati S, McFarlane S (2019) Marijuana and Cardiac arrhythmias: a scoping study. Int J Clin Res Trials 4. https://doi.org/10.15344/2456-8007/2019/132

Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hilpert P, Krause N, Troidl C, Weber M, Rolf A, Dill T, Hamm C, Elsässer A (2009) Apical Regional Wall Motion abnormalities reminiscent to Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy following consumption of psychoactive Fungi. Int J Cardiol 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.064

Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, Kletzmayr J, Sunder-Plassmann G, Horl WH, Pohanka E (1996) Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Magic Mushrooms: Hope for a cheap High Resulting in End-Stage Renal Failure;; Vol. 11

Borowiak KS, Ciechanowski K, Waloszczyk P (1998) Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe Semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction;; Vol. 36

Li S, Ma QB, Tian C, Ge HX, Liang Y, Guo ZG, Zhang CD, Yao B, Geng JN, Riley F (2019) Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: a Case Report. World J Clin Cases 7:2330–2335. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i16.2330

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alcohol’s Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Holmström L, Kauppila J, Vähätalo J, Pakanen L, Perkiömäki J, Huikuri H, Junttila J (2022) Sudden Cardiac death after Alcohol Intake: classification and autopsy findings. Sci Rep 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20250-3

Perkiömäki J, Hookana E, Kaikkonen K, Junttila J, Kortelainen ML, Huikuri H (2016) Blood alcohol in victims of Sudden Cardiac Death in Northern Finland. Europace 18:1006–1009. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv341

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kauppila JP, Pakanen L, Porvari K, Vähätalo J, Holmström L, Perkiömäki JS, Huikuri HV, Junttila MJ (2021) Blood alcohol levels in Finnish victims of non-ischaemic sudden Cardiac death. Ann Med 53:413–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2021.1890204

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wu CF, De La Cruz C, Sultan Ahmed S, Regan TJ Arrhythmias,and the Holiday Heart: Alcohol-Associated Cardiac Rhythm Disorders

Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, Linz D, Pitman BM, Hendriks JML, Lau DH, Sanders P, Wong CX (2022) Alcohol consumption and risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden Cardiac death: an observational study of 408,712 individuals. Heart Rhythm 19:177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.09.040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan S, Park MP (2024) E.-K.C.M.P. 3 ∙ S.H.K.M.P. 3 ∙ S.O.M.P. 3 alcohol is neither a risk factor nor a protective factor for Sudden Cardiac Death and/or fatal ventricular arrhythmia: a Population-based study with Genetic Traits and Alcohol Consumption in the UK Biobank. Focus Issue: Sudd Death| Ventricular Tachycardia 22:1820–1826

Google Scholar 

Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Kimmel SE, Daniel GW, Newcomb C, Guevara JP, Cziraky MJ, Strom BL, Hennessy S (2013) Amphetamines, Atomoxetine and the risk of Serious Cardiovascular events in adults. PLoS ONE 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052991

Awudu GAH, Besag FMC (2014) Cardiovascular effects of Methylphenidate, Amphetamines and Atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update. Drug Saf 37:661–676

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar