Introduction

Case reports describe in detail the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of individual patient(s), thus providing helpful information on the identification of adverse and beneficial effects, the recognition of new diseases, unusual forms of common diseases and the presentation of rare diseases.1 2 Despite their intrinsic methodological limitations, such as the absence of control groups and small sample sizes, case reports can provide a snapshot of complex clinical scenarios and identify potential associations between various factors. For instance, a case report described the presentation of acute respiratory distress syndrome following the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine.3 Furthermore, case reports can be integrated into evidence syntheses.4 Radiological case reports focus primarily on imaging and the diagnosis of rare and special clinical cases and can reinforce or suggest studies with more robust designs, such as randomised controlled trials. In recent years, the number of published radiological case reports has been gradually increasing, especially after COVID-19 became a significant public health concern; case reports provided important information on diagnosis, transmission and clinical presentation early in the COVID-19 pandemic.5

Despite the increasing number of radiological case reports, the majority lack a standardised methodology of writing and reporting. A reporting guideline provides a minimum list of information that should be included in scientific articles and other published work. This helps to ensure the publication is comprehensive, the processes and methods are transparent and the information and conclusions are reliable and valid.6 A consensus-based reporting guideline for case reports was published in 2013—the CAse REport (CARE) statement.7 However, a study using the CARE statement to evaluate the quality of radiological case reports published in five leading Chinese journals showed that the overall mean reporting rate of the CARE items among the 161 included studies was 33.5%.8 The reporting rates for items related to the abstract (16.8%), timeline (24.8%), outcomes (32.9%), patient perspective (0%) and informed consent (0%) were low, suggesting that there is considerable room for improvement in the reporting of this type of case reports. In addition, one study also found that some items in the CARE statement do not apply to radiological case reports.8 Regarding item 7 (timeline), in radiological case reports, the diagnosis is often based on a snapshot of diagnostic findings captured at a specific time point. Temporal sequencing issues are typically only briefly addressed in the section introducing the medical history, unless follow-up results are included in the report. Similarly, item 9 (type of intervention) is often not applicable because radiological case reports do not generally encompass specific interventions. Although the CARE checklist is applicable for case reports in any field of medicine, in some specific situations, the main checklist alone may not cover all essential aspects. Therefore, several extensions have been developed, such as CARE Guidelines for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork Publications and Homeopathic Clinical Case Reports.9 10

To improve adherence to reporting guidelines in radiology and optimise the reporting quality of radiological case reports, this study aims to develop a reporting tool for case reports in radiology, which complements the CARE tool. We expect that diagnostic imaging specialists, other healthcare providers, researchers, journal editors and other stakeholders will all benefit from CARE-radiology.

Methods

The development process of CARE-radiology consisted of four key steps: preparatory work, drafting the preliminary checklist, a Delphi survey, and publication and implementation (figure 1). We chose the Delphi method because it allows to gather diverse opinions and ideas from a group of participants and provides a means for exchanging information and receiving feedback through group discussions. We registered CARE-radiology on the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) network on 6 December 2021 and adhered to its recommended methods.6 A detailed protocol has been published elsewhere.11

Figure 1

Methods for CARE-radiology development. CARE, CAse REport.

Step 1: The preparatory work included the following tasks: (1) establishing the core working group, consensus group and external review group, (2) a review of available reporting guidelines for case reports and (3) evaluation of the quality of radiological case reports using CARE.7 The aim of step 1 was to establish the initial item pool for CARE-radiology. The core working group consisted of three researchers: MW, a radiologist and the primary executor of the project; XL, a methodological expert in guidelines/reporting standards, primarily addressing methodological issues in the formulation of reporting standards; and JT, the grant holder and principal investigator. The members of the consensus group were primarily recruited by the Editorial Office of the Chinese Journal of Radiology. The Editorial Office provided a list of 50 experts from various universities and hospitals worldwide, from which we ultimately selected 28 experts for the consensus group. The experts were required to hold at least a MD or PhD degree and be radiologists or professionals in other related fields, such as thoracic surgery or cardiothoracic surgery. The external reviewers were contacted through the A Marvelous Experience (AME) Reporting Guideline Collaborative Group. AME provided a list of 15 experts from around the world. We selected 12 experts who were engaged in work related to imaging and radiological diagnosis but did not participate in the Delphi voting process. We also included a patient in the development process to gather her perspectives and suggestions regarding the CARE-radiology checklist. 16 reporting guidelines for case reports were identified in our review, and items extracted from them formed the initial pool.7 9 10 12–24 The core working group evaluated the quality of radiological case reports published in radiology journals indexed in the Chinese Science Citation Database and MEDLINE database. See online supplemental appendix 1 for the preliminary item pool.

Step 2: The core working group members discussed the initial items and conducted two rounds of the discussion-revision-refinement process to formulate the questionnaire for the first round of the Delphi survey.

Step 3: The Delphi questionnaire was distributed to consensus group experts on 6 July 2022 via email, with feedback collected through 20 July 2022. Consensus was reached for all items in the first round of the Delphi survey based on the thresholds set in the protocol.11 Subsequently, we held an online meeting via Tencent Meeting on 19 September 2022, to discuss the specific wording of the items. After discussion and revision, the core working group responded to all suggestions from the Delphi experts and returned the final checklist for their review and approval. The survey participants used a 9-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 9 = strongly agree) to show their agreement with each item in the survey. Items with a mean score below 7 after two rounds of survey were chosen for discussion in the consensus meeting or removed.

Step 4: The core working group invited 12 external experts in radiology and reporting guidelines to review the proposed reporting checklist. After publication, we plan to disseminate CARE-radiology through the EQUATOR network, seminars and academic conferences, among other venues. We will seek feedback from researchers, methodologists, journal editors and other users and update the checklist as necessary. In addition, we also plan to evaluate CARE-radiology’s usability and satisfaction with the checklist.

CARE-radiology statement covers all imaging modalities, including ultrasound, radiation-based techniques such as x-rays, CT scans and MRI. We recommend using CARE-radiology for any case reports involving the use of any imaging technology.

Explanation and elaborationTitle

1a. The diagnosis or phenomenon of focus should appear in the title.

1b. The diagnostic method(s) should be included in the title, such as CT and MRI.

1c. The words ‘case report’ should be included in the title.

Explanation: The title enables the reader to quickly identify the main content and design of the study. Radiology case reports should highlight the type of diagnostic method (e.g., CT and MRI) and reflect the study type (case report) in the title.

Example: Case report: incidental finding of COVID-19 infection after positron emission tomography/CT imaging in a patient with a diagnosis of histoplasmosis and recurring fever. 25

Keywords

2a. Keywords (3–6) that identify the study as a case report, along with the relevant diagnoses and diagnostic test or approach, should be presented.

2b. Keywords should avoid general and plural terms and multiple concepts; Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms or International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision disease categories are suggested; only use abbreviations firmly established in the field.

Explanation: Keywords should accurately reflect the main content and topic of the article. Keywords for radiology case reports should include ‘case report’, as well as the relevant disease name, pathological diagnosis or symptoms, and the method of diagnosis. Keywords should generally be MeSH or easily understood words. Abbreviations are not recommended unless they are widely recognised.

Example: ‘Keywords: Case report; Delayed graft function; Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; Kidney transplantation; Renal vein thrombosis’. 26

Abstract

3a. The abstract should describe what is unique about this patient and what it adds to the scientific literature.

3b. The abstract should outline the main imaging features of the patient and the diagnostic and prognostic value of any new technologies.

3c. The abstract should detail one or more ‘take-away’ lessons from the case report.

Explanation: The abstract is a concise summary of the main content of the full text. Abstracts for radiology case reports can be either structured or unstructured according to journal specifications. They generally need to describe the specific details of the case, the main imaging features and what lessons can be learnt by the reader. Items 3a and 3c are similar to those found in the reporting checklists for general case reports.

Example: The key (CT) finding of the disease is bilateral extensive ground-glass opacification (GGO) with a peripheral or posterior distribution, mainly involving the lower lobes. In this case report, we present a pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema case in a patient with COVID-19. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first illustrated case of pneumothorax accompanying COVID-19 pneumonia. 27

Here, we report the clinical case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with flu-like symptoms, cough, anosmia, ageusia, breathing difficulties and patchy GGO on Tomodensitométrie chest scan who turned out to be COVID 229E infected. This case draws attention to the risk of false COVID-19 diagnosis when over-relying on CT scan imaging. 28

Introduction

The introduction should outline the context for the case report and provide a brief background, such as the epidemiology or characteristics of the disease. It should also briefly summarise why this case is unique.

Explanation: This section should provide an overview of the disease, such as the epidemiology and clinical or other characteristics. The introduction for radiological case reports closely resembles that found in other types of case reports. Given journal space limitations, an appropriate shortening of the introduction section may be considered according to the instructions for authors.

Example: COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS CoV-2. The incubation period of the disease varies from 2 to 14 days (median 5 days). Although the disease is asymptomatic in some patients, it may progress to pneumonia, respiratory failure and even death at the end of the first week in some cases. 3

A previous study showed that the patient had an epidemiological history, and CT scans showed typical COVID-19 pneumonia lesions in the lungs. From initial diagnosis to patient recovery, CT scans showed significant morphological changes in the lesions, but no literature has reported small cavities in the lungs on chest CTs as a sign of COVID-19. 29

Patient information

5a. The relevant demographic and physical characteristics of the patient should be reported.

5b. The primary symptoms of the patient as well as their medical and family history should be reported.

Explanation: Detailed information about the case address the disease, its severity and the diagnostic tests performed, enabling the reader to have a clear picture of this index case and its potential applicability to other cases. Such information may include age, sex, geographic location of the patient, ethnicity, occupation, body weight, body mass index or height of the patient. A radiology case report also requires a detailed description of the patient’s complaints, symptoms and medication history. Other details may be needed depending on the specific case, such as the patient’s occupation, menstrual history, birth history or genetic information.

Example: His main clinical manifestation was lower abdominal distension with no clear cause, which had started 15 years prior. The patient is married and has two children, both of whom are healthy. His mother privately reported a notable and concerning history of duodenal enlargement. 30

Clinical course

6a. The course of the disease and any treatments that may alter the imaging presentation should be reported. If the patient has multiple imaging examinations, the time point of each imaging examination should be presented.

6b. The timelines of the disease course and imaging examinations should be reported.

Explanation: A detailed description of the patient’s clinical course and disease progression allows the reader to contextualise all diagnostic procedures and results. Tables or graphical formats are often helpful in presenting the clinical course and diagnostic test results and their relationship to pathology and outcomes. For radiological case reports, a detailed account of the lineage of imaging examinations and treatment helps the reader understand the pathology stage and whether it can be attributed to treatment.

Example: On 15 February 2016, CT (figure 1A, B) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (figure2A,B) of the patient’s upper abdomen revealed a mirror-image dextrocardia and inversion of all abdominal viscera and a space-occupying lesion in the pancreas tail, which was considered a benign neoplasm and suspected solid pseudopapillary tumour. 31

Figure 1 Timeline representing the course of COVID-19 in the reported patient.32

Diagnostic assessment

7a. Diagnostic methods (physical examination, pertinent laboratory testing and other imaging) should be reported.

7b. Diagnostic challenges should be reported, when applicable.

7c. Diagnostic reasoning including any differential diagnoses should be reported.

7d. Surgical and pathological diagnosis results should be presented when applicable.

7e. If the diagnosis is beyond the scope of radiologists, diagnoses made by other medical providers should be reported, along with how the radiologists validated such diagnoses.

7f. The report should describe relevant prognostic characteristics, such as tumour staging and genotype.

Explanation: Diagnostic assessment is one of the essential components of the radiology case report, and accurate reporting of this component is a prerequisite for assessing diagnostic accuracy. The case report’s authors should describe the diagnostic approach, including physical examinations (eg, important specialty examinations and whole-body examinations) and relevant laboratory tests, along with the differential diagnoses that were considered. In addition, any challenges encountered in the diagnostic process and how they were addressed should be included (eg, inability to complete certain tests for cultural or economic reasons, or lack of patient consent). If available, surgical and pathological diagnoses should be presented, including staging and genetic typing. Additional details should be provided if a non-author institution made important diagnoses (eg, surgical or pathological).

Example: The physical examination revealed tenderness and swelling in the right inguinal area. The laboratory tests revealed leucocytosis (11.39×103/µL), elevated C reactive protein (35.4 mg/L) and leucocyturia; however, the urine culture showed a negative result. Due to the progression of localised right inguinal pain, the emergency doctor arranged a CT scan to rule out incarcerated inguinal hernia. 33

The entire tissue mass was sent for pathological examination, and the findings were identical to those seen in 2005; the diagnosis of recurrent CGCG was thus confirmed. The brown tumour of hyperparathyroid disease was excluded because normal levels of parathyroid hormone, plasma phosphate, calcium and total protein were detected. 34

Preoperative cervical biopsy revealed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and focal infiltration (depth of approximately 1 mm). The preoperative clinical diagnosis was stage IIA2 cervical cancer. 35

Imaging findings

8. The report should describe the essential imaging findings, including typical features and key image identification points.

Explanation: Imaging presentation should be highlighted in the radiological case report, and typical imaging features should be reported prominently, along with key diagnostic differential points. Exemplary images should be presented, accompanied by markers and descriptions of key identification points and findings. Videos and animations of the imaging findings can be helpful to explain the case and imaging findings.

Example: Chest CT revealed a left-sided pleural effusion with multiple nodules in both lungs. 36

MRI brain and orbit was performed, showing an ill-defined heterogeneous soft tissue signal intensity (hypointense on T1-weighted imaging), polyploidal mucosal thickening involving left maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. A breach was seen in the posterior portion of the left lamina papyracea with altered signal intensity involving the conal and extraconal inferomedial portions of the left orbit. There was displacement of the adjacent medial and inferior rectus. Retrobulbar soft tissue fat stranding and oedema with resultant displacement of the left eyeball anteriorly leading to proptosis were observed. It was also found to be closely abutting the left optic nerve. 37

Image details

9a. Patient identifiers (names and hospital names) should be removed to ensure anonymity.

9b. The report should indicate the contrast agent and details of the equipment, parameters, software and settings used to acquire the image(s).

9c. The resolution and any magnification of the image(s) or any modifications/enhancements (eg, adjustments for brightness, colour balance, magnification, image smoothing and staining) should be described in the text or legend.

9d. Markers/labels should be used to identify the key features in the image(s), and they should be defined in the legend or as a footnote, if such information are indicated.

9e. The specialists’ profession, years of work experience and whether they have been trained should be reported.

9f. If authors used AI tools for image interpretation or analysis, detailed disclosure of AI-related tools and specifics should be provided.

Explanation: The presentation of key diagnostic images is essential to an optimal imaging case report while protecting patient privacy. To facilitate the reader’s understanding of the image, information on any contrast agents used, the diagnostic equipment, parameters of equipment or software, analysis software and various settings should be provided. The image resolution, magnification and any image processing such as adjustments to brightness or colour balance should be described in the text or footnotes. If available, the diagnosing physician’s years of experience and whether they have received specialised training should also be reported, as these factors can correlate with diagnostic accuracy.38 39

Example: (a) Chest CT on admission showing multiple ground-glass opacities in bilateral lungs, mainly in the subpleural areas. (b) CT image 3 days later showing marked progression of multiple ground-glass opacities in the subpleural areas. (c, d) High-resolution CT images at the same period of a and b, respectively, showing nodular ground-glass opacities in the subpleural areas in the upper lobe of the left lung, which progressed significantly within 3 days.40

All CT examinations were obtained using the Philips iCT 256 or iQon Spectral CT systems. Data were acquired using a 128×0.625 mm or 64×0.625 mm detector configuration with dual sampling and a rotation time of 0.33 s (120 kVp 72 mAs). 41

H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining. (A) H&E staining; (B) Myeloperoxidase staining; (C) C-Kit staining; (D) Ki67 staining; (E) Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 staining; (F) 5-hydroxymethylcytosine staining; ×400. 42

ChatGPT was used in writing this case report. 43

Follow-up and outcomes

The clinician-assessed and patient-assessed outcomes as well as important adverse and unanticipated events resulting from the imaging procedure or any treatments should be reported, if this information is known.

Explanation: Although we are focusing on imaging case reports, the patient’s outcomes should ideally be reported, as they relate to specific treatments or interventions. Also report other diagnostic evaluations performed during the patient’s follow-up and any adverse events.

Example: The patient still had fever after 1 week of anti-infective treatment, and the inflammatory indices did not decrease significantly compared with before. 44

Two weeks after the primary procedure, the patient was discharged with an improved clinical condition. There was a short readmittance following a wound infection. 45

Discussion

11a. The rationale for the authors' conclusions should be provided.

11b. A discussion of the relevant medical literature should be provided.

11c. The strengths and limitations of the authors' approach to this patient should be provided.

11d. The applicability of the case to other persons, populations, settings, etc should be discussed.

11e. The implications for practice, education and research should be described.

Explanation: The discussion section should provide a brief overview of the results, along with a comparison to relevant, previously published cases. The authors should explain why the case report is unique and how it differs from similar cases reported in literature. In addition, the discussion should include an opinion regarding the potential extrapolation of the results to other patients and settings. Also, the significance and value of the case for future research and practice should be provided. A discussion of the strengths and limitations of the case report can also impart lessons for subsequent investigators.

Example: The large polycystic part of the tumour was a major characteristic of the present case. We speculated that the cystic components of extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma (EESS) might tend to be larger than those in uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), given the lower pressure from the surrounding tissues in the uterine myometrium. However, very few studies have focused on this issue. Khan et al reported two EESS cases (the grade was low in one patient but undescribed for the other), in which CT imaging showed large tumours occupying the right lobe of the liver, most of which had large cystic components in both cases. Kim et al reviewed 16 EESS cases, including the 2 cases reported by Khan et al; macroscopically, 4 EESS cases contained cystic parts, but the grade was unknown in 3 of them. In a review of low-grade EESS by Xie et al, two out of nine included cystic parts macroscopically; however, information about the size of the cystic components was unavailable. For uterine low-grade ESS (LGESS), although cystic change is frequent (up to 70%), cystic components tend to be small, as seen in the study by Park et al, in which the mean size of the 10 LGESS cases (including seven cystic components) was 2.8 cm (range, 1.3–4.5 cm). EESS may therefore be characterised by a tendency to exhibit a larger cystic component compared with uterine ESS. To confirm this, further investigation with a larger number of patients is needed. 46

It should be noted that the abnormal focal accumulation of radiotracer with limited cancer specificity in PET/CT examination in organs or tissues in patients with cancer should not be unambiguously taken as a metastatic lesion, and sometimes, more diagnostic tests may need to be performed. 47

This differentiation of lipomas from other lesions of the internal auditory canal has implications for therapeutic management. 48

Conclusions

12. The key messages or lessons should be presented.

Explanation: The conclusion section of the radiological case report should be very brief, including the case’s key diagnostic imaging and differential diagnostic features and the significance or value of any new techniques or methods. Given the length constraints of case reports, it is often necessary to merge the discussion and conclusion sections into a single section.

Example: This case demonstrated the advantage of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT in the evaluation of disease activity in kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and highlighted the possibility of using 18F-FDG PET/CT to guide therapy and prognostication. 49

Patient perspective

13. The patient’s perspective on the examination(s) they received should be reported if such information are available.

Explanation: The patient’s perspective or feelings about the diagnosis and treatment can help to enhance or optimise the diagnostic tests or processes and identify problems in diagnosis and treatment. Patients may have invaluable perspectives on the diagnostic process and treatment course.

Example: I am a very active person and enjoy playing tennis and gardening. My symptoms prior to coming to George Washington (GW) Center for Integrative Medicine prevented me from participating in the leisure activities that I enjoy. The quality of my sleep and my overall quality of life were not good. After coming to the GW Center for Integrative Medicine, all of my symptoms improved and I experienced a drastic improvement in my quality of life. 50

Informed consent and ethics

14a. Patients’ informed consent for the imaging procedure and the case report publication should be reported.

14b. Ethics approval for publication of the case report should be reported.

Explanation: Informed patient consent and ethics approval by the relevant institutional body are essential components of research involving human subjects, including imaging case reports. It is important to note that patient consent to treatment and participation in research is not the same as consent for publication: both must be obtained.

Example: The authors have obtained the patient’s consent. 51

Ethics approval and consent to participate: the patient gave a written consent for publication. 52

Funding

Sources of funding, other support (such as the supply of instruments and equipment) and the role of the funders should be reported.

Explanation: The funding sources for the case study and any closely related research should be reported, just as in clinical research, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines.

Example: Funding: The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects, Qian Ke He Foundation-ZK (2022) General 253, the Doctor Foundation of Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital (GZSYBS[2019]02) and the Science and Technology Fund Projects of Guizhou Health Commission (gzwkj2023-210). 52

FUNDING: Alimera Sciences Ltd funded the Rapid Service Fees. 53

Conflicts of interest

A summary of any conflicts of interest of all authors should be provided.

Explanation: Conflicts of interest can generally be categorised as financial and non-financial interests. Conflicts of interest should be reported in detail in radiological case reports, particularly regarding the use of imaging equipment, facilities and contrast materials.

Example: Competing interests: none declared. 51

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 54

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the academic support from the A Marvelous Experience (AME) Reporting Guideline Collaborative Group. We also thank the experts who participated in the Delphi survey, the patient who provided suggestions for the checklist and A Kassem for the help with language polishing.

We would also like to express our gratitude to the following members of CARE-radiology group for their participation in the Delphi survey: Alfonso Fiorelli (University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”), Bing Lv (Fuwai Hospital), David S Riley (University of New Mexico Medical School), Dexin Yu (Qilu Hospital of Shandong University), Fabio Davoli (Santa Maria delle Croci Teaching Hospital), Hairui Xiong (Shenzhen Children’s Hospital), Hongyue Tao (Huashan Hospital, Fudan University), Huadan Xue (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Huanjun Wang (The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Hussein Elkhayat (Assiut University), Janne Estill (University of Geneva), Jinzhui Tian (Lanzhou University), Junfang Xian (Beijing Tongren Hospital), Junqiang Lei (The First Hospital of Lanzhou University), Lei Xu (Beijing Anzhen Hospital), Li Fan (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Liangru Ke (Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Liming Xia (Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ling Hu (Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Radiology), Linlin Zhang (Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Radiology), Longjiang Zhang (Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University), Marco Scarci (Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Mengshu Wang (Lanzhou University), Nuria M Novoa (Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital), Qi Wang (McMaster University), Robert Fruscio (University of Milan-Bicocca), Ryuichi Waseda (Fukuoka University), Shiyu Wang (Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University), Shu Yang (Chengdu University of TCM), Susan L Norris (Oregon Health & Science University), Tanel Laisaar (Tartu University Hospital), Tomaž Štupnik (University of Ljubljana), Xiaojuan Shi (Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Radiology), Xiaojuan Xiao (The Eighth Affiliated Sun Yat-sen University), Ximing Wang (Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University), Xin Lou (Chinese PLA General Hospital), Xinyue Yang (Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University), Xufei Luo (Lanzhou University), Yanfang Ma (Hong Kong Baptist University), Yao Wang (Yunnan Cancer Hospital), Yaolong Chen (Lanzhou University), Yi Dai (Peking University Shenzhen Hospital), Yibo Tang (Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University), Yinghui Jin (Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University) and Yun Zhang (West China Hospital, Sichuan University).