Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):589–604

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu M, Yang L, Lin Y, Lu Y, Bi X, Jiang T, et al. Emerging nanobiotechnology for precise theranostics of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnol. 2022;20(1):427

Article  Google Scholar 

Chuang SC, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P. Liver cancer: descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett. 2009;286(1):9–14

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGlynn KA, Petrick JL, El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 2021;73 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):4–13, Apr 23, 2020

Hepatitis B. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b. Accessed 04–09, 2024.

Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016;64(1 Suppl):S84-s101

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biological agents. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 2012;100(Pt B):1–441

Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Host-cell interactions in HBV infection and pathogenesis: the emerging role of m6A modification. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):2264–2275

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng X, Yang Y, Schwebel DC, Liu Z, Li L, Cheng P, et al. Population ageing and mortality during 1990–2017: A global decomposition analysis. PLoS medicine. 2020;17(6):e1003138

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–1222

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19(3):335–351

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Liu Y, Zhao H, Wang G. Global, regional, and national burdens of cirrhosis in children and adolescents aged under 19 years from 1990 to 2019. Hepatol Int. 2023;18(1):238–53

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Zhu S, Zhang J, Wu P, Wang X, Du S, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of liver cancer due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 1990–2019: a decomposition and age-period-cohort analysis. J Gastroenterol. 2023;58(12):1222–1236

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenberg PS, Check DP, Anderson WF. A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(11):2296–2302

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zou Z, Liu G, Hay SI, Basu S, Belgaumi UI, Dhali A, et al. Time trends in tuberculosis mortality across the BRICS: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019. EClinicalMed. 2022;53:101646

Article  Google Scholar 

Das Gupta P. Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data. Genus. 1994;50(3–4):171–196

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta PD. Standardization and decomposition of rates: a users’s manual. washington d 1993

Xu T, Dong W, Liu J, Yin P, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhou M. Disease burden of Parkinson’s disease in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;46:101078

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Application for Windows Command-Line (Batch/Callable) Version of Joinpoint Regression Software. https://surveillance.cancer.gov/joinpoint/callable/. Accessed 04–03, 2024.

GBD 2019 Hepatitis B Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):796–829

Article  Google Scholar 

Cui F, Shen L, Li L, Wang H, Wang F, Bi S, et al. Prevention of chronic hepatitis B after 3 decades of escalating vaccination policy China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):765–772

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dambadarjaa D, Radnaa O, Khuyag SO, Shagdarsuren OE, Enkhbayar U, Mukhtar Y, Tsogzolbaatar EO, Nyam G, Shaarii S, Singh P, Takahashi M, Namdag B, Okamoto H. Hepatitis B, C, and D Virus infection among population aged 10–64 years in Mongolia: baseline survey data of a nationwide cancer cohort study. Vaccines 2022;10(11)

Torrens L, Puigvehí M, Torres-Martín M, Wang H, Maeda M, Haber PK, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in mongolia delineates unique molecular traits and a mutational signature associated with environmental agents. Clin Cancer Res. 2022;28(20):4509–4520

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang SH, Yeh SH, Lin WH, Wang HY, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: a mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology (Baltimore). 2009;50(5):1392–1402

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Montella M, D’Arena G, Crispo A, Capunzo M, Nocerino F, Grimaldi M, et al. Role of sex hormones in the development and progression of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:854530

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McGlynn KA, Petrick JL, London WT. Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability. Clin Liver Dis. 2015;19(2):223–238

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell K. Hepatitis B and the liver cancer endgame. Nature. 2022;603(7903):S64-s65

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiang CJ, Yang YW, You SL, Lai MS, Chen CJ. Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. Jama. 2013;310(9):974–976

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO Tackling NCDs: ‘best buys’ and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259232/WHO-NMH-NVI-17.9-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 08–01, 2024.

Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. New Engl J Med. 1997;336(26):1855–1859

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calcinotto A, Kohli J, Zagato E, Pellegrini L, Demaria M, Alimonti A. Cellular senescence: aging, cancer, and injury. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(2):1047–1078

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aunan JR, Cho WC, Søreide K. The biology of aging and cancer: a brief overview of shared and divergent molecular hallmarks. Aging Dis. 2017;8(5):628–642

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campisi J. Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer. Ann Rev Physiol. 2013;75:685–705

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050. Lancet. 2019;393(10187):2233–2260

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Zheng J, Hao J, Wang RR, Liu X, Gu P, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer by five etiologies and global prediction by 2035 based on global burden of disease study 2019. Cancer Med. 2022;11(5):1310–1323

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang DQ, Singal AG, Kono Y, Tan DJH, El-Serag HB, Loomba R. Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer. Cell Metab. 2022;34(7):969-977.e962

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar