Nicholson AG, Tsao MS, Beasley MB, Borczuk AC, Brambilla E, Cooper WA, Dacic S, Jain D, Kerr KM, Lantuejoul S, Noguchi M, Papotti M, Rekhtman N, Scagliotti G, van Schil P, Sholl L, Yatabe Y, Yoshida A, Travis WD (2022) The 2021 WHO classification of lung tumors: impact of advances Since 2015. J Thorac Oncol 17(3):362–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2021.11.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rindi G, Moch H, McCluggage WG, et al (2022) Neuroendocrine neoplasms, non-endocrine organs. In: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, editor. WHO classification of tumours endocrine and neuroendocrine tumours. 5th ed. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

Filosso PL, Rena O, Donati G, Casadio C, Ruffini E, Papalia E et al (2002) Bronchial carcinoid tumors: surgical management and long-term outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123(2):303–309

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alcala N, Leblay N, Gabriel AAG, Mangiante L, Hervas D, Giffon T et al (2019) Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. Nat Commun 10(1):3407

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdel-Rahman O (2018) Modified staging system for pulmonary carcinoids on the basis of lung cancer TNM system. Clin Transl Oncol 20(5):670–677

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kneuertz PJ, Kamel MK, Stiles BM, Lee BE, Rahouma M, Harrison SW et al (2018) Incidence and prognostic significance of carcinoid lymph node metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 106(4):981–988

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dermawan JK, Farver CF (2019) The prognostic significance of the 8th Edition TNM staging of pulmonary carcinoid tumors: a single Institution Study with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 43(9):1291–1296

Cattoni M, Vallières E, Brown LM, Sarkeshik AA, Margaritora S, Siciliani A et al (2018) Improvement in TNM staging of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors requires histology and regrouping of tumor size. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 155(1):405–413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson AS, Rosenthal A, Cattoni M, Bograd AJ, Farivar AS, Aye RW et al (2020) Staging system for neuroendocrine tumors of the lung needs to incorporate histologic grade. Ann Thorac Surg 109(4):1009–1018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

La Salvia A, Persano I, Siciliani A, Verrico M, Bassi M, Modica R et al (2022) Prognostic significance of laterality in lung neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine 76(3):733–746

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

La Salvia A, Carletti R, Verrico M, Feola T, Puliani G, Bassi M et al (2022) Angioside: the role of angiogenesis and hypoxia in lung neuroendocrine tumours according to primary tumour location in left or right parenchyma. J Clin Med 11(19):5958

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Newson RB (2010) Comparing the predictive powers of survival models using Harrell’s C or Somers’ D. Stand Genomic Sci 10(3):339–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1001000303

Article  Google Scholar 

Gönen M, Heller G (2005) Concordance probability and discriminatory power in proportional hazards regression. Biometrika 92(4):965–970. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/92.4.965

Article  Google Scholar 

Kneuertz PJ, Kamel MK, Stiles BM, Lee BE, Rahouma M, Harrison SW, Altorki NK, Port JL (2018) Incidence and prognostic significance of carcinoid lymph node metastases. Ann Thorac Surg 106(4):981–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.05.044

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Righi L, Volante M, Rapa I, Vatrano S, Pelosi G, Papotti M (2014) Therapeutic biomarkers in lung neuroendocrine neoplasia. Endocr Pathol 25(4):371–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-014-9335-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iasonos A, Schrag D, Raj GV, Panageas KS (2008) How to build and interpret a nomogram for cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 26(8):1364–1370. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.9791

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balachandran VP, Gonen M, Smith JJ, DeMatteo RP (2015) Nomograms in oncology: more than meets the eye. Lancet Oncol 16(4):e173–e180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71116-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao T, Su T, Huang L, Li B, Feng LH (2022) Development and validation of a novel nomogram for predicting survival rate in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Scand J Gastroenterol 57(1):85–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2021.1984571

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou S, Jiang S, Chen W, Yin H, Dong L, Zhao H, Han S, He X (2021) Biliary neuroendocrine neoplasms: analysis of prognostic factors and development and validation of a nomogram. Front Oncol 19(11):654439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.654439

Article  Google Scholar 

Xie S, Li L, Wang X, Li L (2021) Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the overall survival of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(2):e24223. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024223

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Lu L, Liu J, Liu W, Li L, Wei Y, Fan J, Ma L, Gong P (2022) A nomogram to accurately identify pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors metastasizing to distant organs: a study based on two national population-based Cohorts from the United States and China. Clin Med Insights Oncol 19(16):11795549221099852. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795549221099853

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen Q, Chen J, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Zhao H, Cai J (2022) Nomogram for the prediction of lymph node metastasis and survival outcomes in rectal neuroendocrine tumour patients undergoing resection. J Gastrointest Oncol 13(1):171–184. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo-21-573

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang S, Tong YX, Zhang XH, Zhang YJ, Xu XS, Xiao AT, Chao TF, Gong JP (2019) A novel and validated nomogram to predict overall survival for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. J Cancer 10(24):5944–5954. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.35785

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levy S, van Veenendaal LM, Korse CM, Breekveldt ECH, Verbeek WHM, Vriens MR, Kuhlmann KFD, van den Berg JG, Valk GD, Tesselaar MET (2020) Survival in patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the small intestine: nomogram validation and predictors of survival. J Clin Med 9(8):2502. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082502

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang XT, Xie JZ, Huang CS, Li JH, Chen W, Liang LJ, Yin XY (2022) Development and validation of nomogram to predict lymph node metastasis preoperatively in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. HPB (Oxford) 24(12):2112–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2022.08.015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Li G, Pi G, Yu X, Chen Y, Jin K, Chen L, Yang S, Zhu Y, Wu G, Chen J, Zhang T (2020) Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram to guide decision-making for high-grade digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms. Oncologist 25(4):e659–e667. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0566

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Shen C, Shao J, Wang Y, Wang G, Shen A (2022) Based on the development and verification of a risk stratification nomogram: predicting the risk of lung cancer-specific mortality in stage IIIA-N2 unresectable large cell lung neuroendocrine cancer compared with lung squamous cell cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 30(12):825598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.825598

Article  Google Scholar 

Xi J, Zhao M, Zheng Y, Liang J, Hu Z, Huang Y, Yang Y, Zhan C, Jiang W, Lu T, Guo W, Wang Q (2020) Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the overall survival of patients with lung large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 9(8):4943–4957. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-780

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xiong L, Jiang Y, Hu T (2022) Prognostic nomograms for lung neuroendocrine carcinomas based on lymph node ratio: a SEER database analysis. J Int Med Res 50(9):3000605221115160. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605221115160

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Y, Liu H, Wang S, Chen Y (2019) Prognostic nomogram predicts overall survival in pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. PLoS ONE 14(9):e0223275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223275

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song Z, Zou L (2022) Risk factors, survival analysis, and nomograms for distant metastasis in patients with primary pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a population-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 17(13):973091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.973091