1The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California

∗[email protected]

Submitted: January 7, 2024

Accepted: April 19, 2024

Funding/Support: National Eye Institute (EY026994 to NMS); National Eye Institute (EY027390 to PV); and National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (90REGE001).

Conflict of Interest Disclosure: None of the authors have reported a financial conflict of interest.

Author Contributions and Acknowledgments: Conceptualization: NMS, PV; Data Curation: NMS; Formal Analysis: NMS; Funding Acquisition: NMS, PV; Investigation: NMS, PV; Methodology: NMS, PV; Project Administration: PV; Resources: PV; Software: NMS; Supervision: NMS, PV; Validation: PV; Visualization: NMS, PV; Writing – Original Draft: NMS, PV; Writing – Review & Editing: NMS, PV.

We thank Mustafa Safi, MD, for his assistance in data collection and preliminary analysis. Adrien Chopin, PhD, provided invaluable feedback on statistical analyses.