Sangro B, Sarobe P, Hervás-Stubbs S, Melero I. Advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(8):525–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Bray F. Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview. Int J Cancer. 2021;149(4):778–89.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sas Z, Cendrowicz E, Weinhäuser I, Rygiel TP. Tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities for new treatment options. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3778.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dhar D, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its role in liver cancer. Exp Biol Med. 2020;245(2):96–108.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arzumanian VA, Kiseleva OI, Poverennaya EV. The curious case of the HepG2 cell line: 40 years of expertise. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23):13135.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donato MT, Tolosa L, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Culture and functional characterization of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. In: Vinken M, Rogiers V, editors. Protocols in in vitro hepatocyte research. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 77–93.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Bian J, Lin J, Long J, Yang X, Yang X, Lu X, et al. T lymphocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment: insights into human immunology and immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(12):4585.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sobhani N, Tardiel-Cyril DR, Davtyan A, Generali D, Roudi R, Li Y. CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cancers. 2021;13(6):1440.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GhahremaniDehbokri S, Alizadeh N, Isazadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Abbaspour-Ravasjani S, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. CTLA-4: as an immunosuppressive immune checkpoint in breast cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2023;23(6):521–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen DS, Mellman I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity. 2013;39(1):1–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wing K, Onishi Y, Prieto-Martin P, Yamaguchi T, Miyara M, Fehervari Z, et al. CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function. Science. 2008;322(5899):271–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasamatsu T, Ino R, Takahashi N, Gotoh N, Minato Y, Takizawa M, et al. PDCD1 and CTLA4 polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to, and clinical features of, chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2018;180(5):705–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kudo M. Combination cancer immunotherapy with molecular targeted agents/anti-CTLA-4 antibody for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2019;8(1):1–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Yang W, Huang Y, Cui R, Li X, Li B. Evolving roles for targeting CTLA-4 in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47(2):721–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorkhabi AD, Sarkesh A, Fotouhi A, Saeedi H, Aghebati-Maleki L. Cancer combination therapies by silencing of CTLA-4, PD-L1, and TIM3 in osteosarcoma. IUBMB Life. 2022;74(9):908–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang B, Qin L, Ren M, Sun H. Effects of combination of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 on gastric cancer cells proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;49(1):260–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Chen Y, Liao M, Yu S, Yuan B, Jia Z, et al. Exosomes-delivered PD-L1 siRNA and CTLA-4 siRNA protect against growth and tumor immune escape in colorectal cancer. Genomics. 2023;115(4):110646.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hosseinkhani N, Hemmat N, Baghbani E, Baghbanzadeh A, Kazemi T, Mokhtarzadeh A, et al. Dual silencing of tumor-intrinsic VISTA and CTLA-4 stimulates T-cell mediated immune responses and inhibits MCF7 breast cancer development. Gene. 2024;896:148043.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babu A, Muralidharan R, Amreddy N, Mehta M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Nanoparticles for siRNA-based gene silencing in tumor therapy. IEEE Trans Nanobiosci. 2016;15(8):849–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Crooke ST, Witztum JL, Bennett CF, Baker BF. RNA-targeted therapeutics. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):714–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reno F, Sabbatini M, Massè A, Bosetti M, Cannas M. Fibroblast apoptosis and caspase-8 activation in aseptic loosening. Biomaterials. 2003;24(22):3941–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han X, Fang X, Lou X, Hua D, Ding W, Foltz G, et al. Silencing SOX2 induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition and its expression predicts liver and lymph node metastasis of CRC patients. PLoS ONE. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041335.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Handeli S, Simon JA. A small-molecule inhibitor of Tcf/β-catenin signaling down-regulates PPARγ and PPARδ activities. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7(3):521–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li LT, Jiang G, Chen Q, Zheng JN. Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(3):1566–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madden SK, de Araujo AD, Gerhardt M, Fairlie DP, Mason JM. Taking the Myc out of cancer: toward therapeutic strategies to directly inhibit c-Myc. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):1–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hargadon KM, Johnson CE, Williams CJ. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: an overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;62:29–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kyi C, Postow MA. Checkpoint blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(2):368–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sangro B, Gomez-Martin C, de la Mata M, Iñarrairaegui M, Garralda E, Barrera P, et al. A clinical trial of CTLA-4 blockade with tremelimumab in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2013;59(1):81–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ozer M, George A, Goksu SY, George TJ, Sahin I. The role of immune checkpoint blockade in the hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of clinical trials. Front Oncol. 2021;11:801379.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertrand A, Kostine M, Barnetche T, Truchetet M-E, Schaeverbeke T. Immune related adverse events associated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2015;13:1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hu B, Zhong L, Weng Y, Peng L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Liang X-J. Therapeutic siRNA: state of the art. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liang L, Ge K, Zhang F, Ge Y. The suppressive effect of co-inhibiting PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression on H22 hepatomas in mice. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2018;23:1–11.

Article