*Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO

†Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO

‡University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO

Earlier versions of this paper were prepared for and presented at the American Society of Health Economists (ASHEcon) 12th Annual Conference, St. Louis, MO, June 11–14, 2023, and the AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting, Seattle, WA, June 24–27, 2023.

This project was supported by grant number R36HS027139 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Additional funding came from the University of Colorado Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA046934) small grants program. The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health pursuant to California Health and Safety Code Section 103885; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Program of Cancer Registries, under cooperative agreement 1NU58DP007156; the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program under contract HHSN261201800032I awarded to the University of California, San Francisco, contract HHSN261201800015I awarded to the University of Southern California, and contract HHSN261201800009I awarded to the Public Health Institute. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the State of California, the Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or their Contractors and Subcontractors.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website, www.lww-medicalcare.com.

Correspondence to: Mika K. Hamer, PhD, MPH, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop B137, 13080 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: [email protected].