Lazzarini PA, Pacella RE, Armstrong DG, van Netten JJ. Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability. Diabetes Med. 2018;35:1297–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/dme.2685.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Lazzarini PA, McPhail SM, van Netten JJ, Armstrong DG, Pacella RE. Global disability burdens of diabetes-related lower-extremity complications in 1990 and 2016. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:964–74. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1736.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Armstrong DG, Swerdlow MA, Armstrong AA, Conte MS, Padula WV, Bus SA. Five-year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer. J Foot Ankle Res. 2020;13:2–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-019-0362-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

McDermott K, Fang M, Boulton AJM, Selvin E, Hicks CW. Etiology, epidemiology, and disparities in the burden of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:209–11. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0676.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeffcoate WJ, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM. Current challenges and opportunities in the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:645–52. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodríguez Pérez MDC, Chines C, Pedrero AJ, Cuevas FJ, Marcelino-Rodríguez I, Domínguez S, Cabrera De León A. Major amputations in type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2015 in Spain: Regional differences. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8224-4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Nafash J, Leonard CE, Freeman CP, Hennessy S, Wiebe DJ. Location, location, location: Geographic clustering of lower-extremity amputation among Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2363–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1004.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chamberlain RC, Fleetwood K, Wild SH, Colhoun HM, Lindsay RS, Petrie JR, McCrimmon RJ, Gibb F, Philip S, Sattar N, Kennon B, Leese GP. Foot ulcer and risk of lower limb amputation or death in people with diabetes: a national population-based retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:83–91. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-0259.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeffcoate W, Barron E, Lomas J, Valabhji J, Young B. Using data to tackle the burden of amputation in diabetes. Lancet. 2017;390(10105):e29–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31697-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Røikjer J, Werkman NCC, Ejskjaer N, van den Bergh JPW, Vestergaard P, Schaper NC, Jensen MH, Klungel O, de Vries F, Nielen JTH, Driessen JHM. Incidence, hospitalization, and mortality and their changes over time in people with a first-ever diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes Med. 2022;39:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14764.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Saluja S, Anderson SG, Hambleton I, Shoo H, Livingston M, Jude EB, Lunt M, Dunn G, Heald AH. Foot ulceration and its association with mortality in diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2020;37:211–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14103.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2017;49:106–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, Sandhu N, Reiber GE, Wagner EH. Incidence, outcomes, and cost of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:382–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.3.382.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bundó M, Vlacho B, Llussà J, Puig-Treserra R, Mata-Cases M, Cos X, Jude EB, Franch-Nadal J, Mauricio D. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic foot disease among people with type 2 diabetes using real-world practice data from Catalonia during 2018. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1024904.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bolíbar B, Fina Avilés F, Morros R, Garcia-Gil Mdel M, Hermosilla E, Ramos R, Rosell M, Rodríguez J, Medina M, Calero S, Prieto-Alhambra D, Grupo SIDIAP. [SIDIAP database: electronic clinical records in primary care as a source of information for epidemiologic research]. Med Clin (Barc). 2012;138:617–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2012.03.020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mata-Cases M, Mauricio D, Real J, Bolíbar B, Franch-Nadal J. ¿Se Registra Y Clasifica Correctamente La Diabetes mellitus en atención primaria? Estudio Poblacional en Cataluña, España. Endocrinol Y Nutr. 2016;63:440–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endonu.2016.05.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

ICD10data.com. About ICD10data.com. http://www.icd10data.com/About. Accessed July 1st 2023.

Rastogi A, Sudhayakumar A, Schaper NC, Jude EB. A paradigm shift for cardiovascular outcome evaluation in diabetes: major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) to major adverse vascular events (MAVE). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023;17:102875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102875.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho D, Imai K, King G, Stuart E, MatchIt. January: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MatchIt. Accessed 2022.

Subirana I, Sanz H, Vila J. Building bivariate tables: The compareGroups package for R. J Stat Softw. 2014;57(12):1–16. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v57/i12/.

Stevenson M, Nunes T, Heuer C, Marshall J, Sanchez J, Thornton R, Reiczigel J, Robison-Cox J, Sebastiani P, Solymos P. January. epiR: Tools for the analysis of epidemiological data. https://fvas.unimelb.edu.au/research/groups/veterinary-epidemiology-melbourne. Accessed 2022.

R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed January 2022.

Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2367–75. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1615439.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubský M, Jirkovská A, Bem R, Fejfarová V, Skibová J, Schaper NC, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers: prospective follow-up analysis in the Eurodiale subgroup. Int Wound J. 2013;10:555–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyko EJ, Seelig AD, Ahroni JH. Limb- and person-level risk factors for lower-limb amputation in the prospective Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:891–8. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2269.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care. 1990;13:513–21. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.13.5.513.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeffcoate WJ, Harding KG. Diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet. 2003;361:1545–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13169-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margolis D, Malay DS, Hoffstad OJ, Leonard CE, MaCurdy T, Lopez de Nava K, Tan Y, Molina T, Siegel KL. January. Incidence of diabetic foot ulcer and lower extremity amputation among Medicare beneficiaries, 2006 to 2008. Data Points #2 (prepared by the University of Pennsylvania DEcIDE Center, under Contract No. HHSA29020050041I). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2011. AHRQ Publication No. 10(11)-EHC009-1-EF.

Chuter V, Schaper N, Mills J, Hinchliffe R, Russell D, Azuma N, Behrendt CA, Boyko EJ, Conte MS, Humphries M, Kirksey L, McGinigle KC, Nikol S, Nordanstig J, Rowe V, van den Berg JC, Venermo M, Fitridge R. Effectiveness of bedside investigations to diagnose peripheral artery disease among people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3683.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bundó M, Llussà J, Serra M, la Iglesia PP, Gimbert RM, Real J, Vlacho B, Mata-Cases M, Cos X, Franch-Nadal J, Mauricio D. Incidence and characteristics of diabetic foot ulcers in subjects with type 2 diabetes in Catalonian primary care centres: an observational multicentre study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15:1033–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2021.06.006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Sun S, Gao Y, Ran X. Global mortality of diabetic foot ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:36–45.https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14550

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Smith DG, Davignon D. Increased mortality associated with diabetic foot ulcer. Diabet Med. 1996;13:967–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walsh JW, Hoffstad OJ, Sullivan MO, Margolis DJ. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabet Med. 2016;33:1493–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13131.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muller IS, De Grauw WJC, Van Gerwen WHEM, Bartelink ML, van Den Hoogen HJ, Rutten GE. Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation in type 2 diabetic patients in Dutch primary health care. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:570–4. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.3.570.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar