From the aDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

bDepartment of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT

cCenter on Methods for Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT

dDepartment of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

eChanning Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.

Submitted October 4, 2022; accepted December 5, 2023

Supported in part through the National Institute of Health grants 1R01CA279175-01A1, 5R01ES026246, R01 DC017717, and NCI U01 167552. All statements in this article, including its findings and conclusions, are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute of Health.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).

Data for the real-data example can be obtained by submitting data access request to the coordinating center of the Health Professional Follow-up Study. Codes for simulation are available upon request to the authors.

Correspondence: Molin Wang, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. E-mail: [email protected].