Olshansky B, Sullivan RM. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Europace. 2019;21(2):194–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euy128.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed A, Pothineni NVK, Charate R, Garg J, Elbey M, de Asmundis C, LaMeir M, Romeya A, Shivamurthy P, Olshansky B, Russo A, Gopinathannair R, Lakkireddy D. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia: etiology, pathophysiology, and management: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(24):2450–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Still AM, Raatikainen P, Ylitalo A, Kauma H, Ikäheimo M, Antero Kesäniemi Y, Huikuri HV. Prevalence, characteristics and natural course of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Europace. 2005;7(2):104–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Calkins H. The 2019 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3812–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz837.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bryarly M, Phillips LT, Fu Q, Vernino S, Levine BD. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(10):1207–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.059.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Fedorowski A. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management. J Intern Med. 2019;285(4):352–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12852. Epub 2018 Nov 23. An important guidance on the topic to guide patient management.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shen WK. How to manage patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(9):1015–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.05.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watari M, Nakane S, Mukaino A, Nakajima M, Mori Y, Maeda Y, Masuda T, Takamatsu K, Kouzaki Y, Higuchi O, Matsuo H, Ando Y. Autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018;5(4):486–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.524.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hira R, Baker JR, Siddiqui T, Ranada SI, Soroush A, Karalasingham K, Ahmad H, Mavai V, Ayala Valani LM, Ambreen S, Bourne KM, Lloyd MG, Morillo CA, Sheldon RS, Raj SR. on behalf of the Canadian Long COVID Autonomic Network (CanLoCAN), Objective hemodynamic cardiovascular autonomic abnormalities in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Can J Cardiol. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.002.

Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McPhee BR, Low PA. Postural tachycardia syndrome: clinical features and follow-up study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(11):1106–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, Cited 2021 Jun 30. 2021 Internet, Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/hubei-timeline

Moghimi N, Di Napoli M, Biller J, Siegler JE, Shekhar R, McCullough LD, Harkins MS, Hong E, Alaouieh DA, Mansueto G, Divani AA. The neurological manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2021;21(9):44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Venkatesan P. NICE guideline on long COVID. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(2):129.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Gemelli Against COVID-19 post-acute care study group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

NIH launches new initiative to study“LongCOVID”|NationalInstitutesofHealth (NIH), Cited 2021 Apr 22, Internet. 2021 Available from: https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-launches-new-initiative-study-long-covid.

Hope AA, Evering TH. Postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2022;36(2):379–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2020.

Fedorowski A, Fanciulli A, Raj SR, Sheldon R, Shibao CA, Sutton R. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a major health-care burden. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-023-00962-3.

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594(7862):259–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phillips S, Williams MA. Confronting our next national health disaster - long-haul COVID. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):577–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham MS, Penfold RS, Bowyer RC, Pujol JC, Klaser K, Antonelli M, Canas LS, Molteni E, Modat M, Jorge Cardoso M, May A, Ganesh S, Davies R, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Astley CM, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):626–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, Kang L, Guo L, Liu M, Zhou X, Luo J, Huang Z, Tu S, Zhao Y, Chen L, Xu D, Li Y, Li C, Peng L, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):220–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, Villapol S. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):16144.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raman B, Bluemke DA, Luscher TF, Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:1157–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Visco V, Vitale C, Rispoli A, Izzo C, Virtuoso N, Ferruzzi GJ, Santopietro M, Melfi A, Rusciano MR, Maglio A, Di Pietro P, Carrizzo A, Galasso G, Vatrella A, Vecchione C, Ciccarelli M. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: involvement and interactions between respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems. J Clin Med. 2022;11(3):524.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aranyó J, Bazan V, Lladós G, Dominguez MJ, Bisbal F, Massanella M, Sarrias A, Adeliño R, Riverola A, Paredes R, Clotet B, Bayés-Genís A, Mateu L, Villuendas R. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):298.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Low PA, Sandroni P, Joyner M, Shen WK. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(3):352–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01407.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomichi Y, Kawano H, Mukaino A, Chiba A, Doi Y, Arakawa S, Ishimatsu T, Fukae S, Abiru N, Maemura K. Postural orthostatic tachycardia in a patient with type 2 diabetes with diabetic neuropathy. Int Heart J. 2018;59(6):1488–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raj SR, Fedorowski A, Sheldon RS. Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. CMAJ. 2022;194(10):E378–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheldon RS, Grubb BP 2nd, Olshansky B, Shen WK, Calkins H, Brignole M, Raj SR, Krahn AD, Morillo CA, Stewart JM, Sutton R, Sandroni P, Friday KJ, Hachul DT, Cohen MI, Lau DH, Mayuga KA, Moak JP, Sandhu RK, Kanjwal K. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(6):e41–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raj SR, Guzman JC, Harvey P, Richer L, Schondorf R, Seifer C, Thibodeau-Jarry N, Sheldon RS. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and related disorders of chronic orthostatic intolerance. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(3):357–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foster MC, Levine PA. Use of verapamil to control an inappropriate chronic sinus tachycardia. Chest. 1984;85(5):697–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, Paranjape SY, Ramirez M, Dupont WD, Robertson D. Propranolol decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome: less is more. Circulation. 2009;120(9):725–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cappato R, Castelvecchio S, Ricci C, Bianco E, Vitali-Serdoz L, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Pittalis M, De Ambroggi L, Baruscotti M, Gaeta M, Furlanello F, Di Francesco D, Lupo PP. Clinical efficacy of ivabradine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(15):1323–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar