Abd El-Rady NM, Dahpy MA, Ahmed A, Elgamal DA, Hadiya S, Ahmed MAM, Sayed ZEA, Abdeltawab D, Abdelmohsen AS, Farrag AAM et al (2021) Interplay of biochemical, genetic, and immunohistochemical factors in the etio-pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in rats: a comparative study of the effect of pomegranate loaded nanoparticles versus pomegranate peel extract. Front Physiol 12:649462

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abd El-Salam S, Faruk EM, Fouad H (2019) Evaluation of therapeutic potentials of α-lipoic acid versus stem cells-derived microvesicles against experimentally-induced gastric ulcer in adult male albino rats (light and electron microscopic study). EJH 42(4):915–927

Google Scholar 

Abd-Elhamid A (2021) Histological study of the caffeine effect on intact gastric mucosa and induced gastric ulcer in adult male albino rats. Egypt J Histol 44(1):163–187

Google Scholar 

Abd-Elmenm S, Greish S, Atwa M, Fathelbab M (2016) Evaluation of the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the healing of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J Cell Sci Ther 7:246–246

Google Scholar 

Abu-Raia NH, Selim AS, Ali RA, Hamed AI, EL noury H (2022) Effect of L-arginine and carvedilol on peptic ulcer and hypertension in rats. Benha Med J 39, Special issue (Academic), September and October;111–124

Ahmed OF, Shalaby SA, Ibraheem EM, Metwally AG, Manawy SM (2020) A comparative study between the therapeutic role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and that of histamine2 receptor antagonists (Nizatidine) in the management of ibuprofen induced gastric ulcer in adult Albino rats. Benha Med J 37(3):678–690

Google Scholar 

Alam S, Urooj T, Aslam R (2019) Global incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease: a systematic review study. Indo Am J Pharm Sci 6:11267–11273

Google Scholar 

Alazzouni AS, Fathalla AS, Gabri MS, Dkhil MA, Hassan BN (2020) Role of bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells against gastric ulceration: histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(12):3456–3464

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

AlKreathy HM, Alghamdi MK, Esmat A (2020) Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: impact on oxidative, inflammatory, and angiogenic machineries. Saudi Pharmaceut J 28(8):916–926

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Allam A, Ali AA, Abdel Baky NA, Balah A (2023) Omeprazole induces profibrotic gene expression in rat kidney: implication of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 1–8

Al-Massri KF, Ahmed LA, El-Abhar HS (2019) Mesenchymal stem cells therapy enhances the efficacy of pregabalin and prevents its motor impairment in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in rats: role of Notch1 receptor and JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 360:303–311

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antonisamy P, Kannan P, Aravinthan A, Duraipandiyan V, Arasu MV, Ignacimuthu S, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JH (2014) Gastroprotective activity of violacein isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats: investigation of potential mechanisms of action. Sci World J 2014:616432

Article  Google Scholar 

Aupperlee MD, Zhao Y, Tan YS, Leipprandt JR, Bennett J, Haslam SZ, Schwartz RC (2014) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is a key mediator of hormone-induced leukocyte infiltration in the pubertal female mammary gland. Endocrinology 155:2301–2313

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bagyura Z, Takács A, Kiss L, Dósa E, Vadas R, Nguyen TD, Dinya E, Soós P, Szelid Z et al (2022) Level of advanced oxidation protein products is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 22(1):5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bancroft JD, Gamble M (2008) Theory and practice of histological techniques, 6th edn. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 67:126–127

Barboza KRM, Coco LZ, Alves GM, Peters B, Vasquez EC, Pereira TMC, Meyrelles SS, Campagnaro BP (2018) Gastroprotective effect of oral kefir on indomethacin-induced acute gastric lesions in mice: impact on oxidative stress. Life Sci 209:370–376

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhattacharyya A, Chattopadhyay R, Mitra S, Crowe SE (2014) Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiol Rev 94(2):329–354

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U (2020) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: a current perspective. Biochem Pharmacol 180:114147

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Border WA, Ruoslahti E (1992) Transforming growth factor-beta in disease: the dark side of tissue repair. J Clin Invest 90(1):1–7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, He X, He X, Chen X, Lin X, Zou Y, Wu X, Lan P (2014) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 450(4):1402–1408

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi GH, Park HS, Kim KR, Choi HN, Jang KY, Chung MJ, Moon WS (2008) Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and betacellulin during the early stage of gastric ulcer healing. Mol Med Rep 1(4):505–510

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

da Luz BB, Maria-Ferreira D, Dallazen JL, de Oliveira AF, Queiroz Telles JE, Beltrame OC, Cipriani TR, de Paula Werner MF (2021) Effectiveness of the polyphenols-rich Sedum dendroideum infusion on gastric ulcer healing in rats: roles of protective endogenous factors and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol 278:114260

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies NM, Sharkey KA, Asfaha S, Macnaughton WK, Wallace JL (1997) Aspirin causes rapid up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the stomach of rats. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11:1101–1108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Douglas HE (2010) TGF-beta in wound healing: a review. J Wound Care 19:403–406

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du YY, Zhou SH, Zhou T, Su H, Pan HW, Du WH, Liu B, Liu QM (2008) Immuno-inflammatory regulation effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Cytotherapy 10(5):469–478

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Badawy SA, Ogaly HA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Azouz AA (2021) Benzyl isothiocyanates modulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways on indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats. Food Funct 12(13):6001–6013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Kasaby A, Ghaly M, Abo Zeid A, Fayed I (2017) Therapeutic potential of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells in regeneration of gastric ulcer in rats. J Med Histol 1(2):190–201

Article  Google Scholar 

El Senosi YA, Mahfouz MK, Hussein SA, Youssef HM (2020) Biochemical role of probiotics in improving cell proliferation and regulating proinflammatory cytokines-mediated oxidative damage of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Benha Vet Med J 38(1):9–16

Article  Google Scholar 

El-Azab NE, Mansy AE, El-Mahalaway AM, Sabry D (2018) Comparative study of the therapeutic effect of pomegranate alone or in combination with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in adult male rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study. EJH 4(2):150–166

Google Scholar 

El-Kerdasy HI, Mousa HR (2021) A comparative study between the therapeutic role of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells and omeprazole in regeneration of gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in albino rats : histological and immunohistochemical study. Egypt J Histol 44(4):993–1006

Google Scholar 

Fernández-Francos S, Eiro N, Costa LA, Escudero-Cernuda S, Fernández-Sánchez ML, Vizoso FJ (2021) Mesenchymal stem cells as a cornerstone in a galaxy of intercellular signals: basis for a new era of medicine. Int J Mol Sci 22(7):3576

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fouad AA, Al-Sultan AI, Yacoubi MT, Gomaa W (2010) Ameliorative effects of telmisartan in diabetic rats with indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. Eur J Pharmacol 637(1–3):162–170

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu X, Liu G, Halim A, Ju Y, Luo Q, Song AG (2019) Mesenchymal stem cell migration and tissue repair. Cells 8(8):784

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganguly K, Swarnakar S (2009) Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -3 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric ulcers in mice: regulation by melatonin. J Pineal Res 47(1):43–55

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geeviman K, Babu D, Prakash Babu P (2018) Pantoprazole induces mitochondrial apoptosis and attenuates NF-κB signaling in glioma cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 38(8):1491–1504

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomaa AMS, Abd El-Mottaleb NA, Aamer HA (2018) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of alpha lipoic acid protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 101:188–194

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hafez HM, Morsy MA, Mohamed MZ, Zenhom NM (2019) Mechanisms underlying gastroprotective effect of paeonol against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 38(5):510–518

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han Y, Sun T, Tao R, Han Y, Liu J (2017) Clinical application prospect of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on clearance of advanced glycation end products through autophagy on diabetic wound. Eur J Med Res 22(1):11

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harsch IA, Brzozowski T, Bazela K, Konturek SJ, Kukharsky V, Pawlik T, Pawlowski E, Hahn EG, Konturek PC (2003) Impaired gastric ulcer healing in diabetic rats: role of heat shock protein, growth factors, prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines. Eur J Pharmacol 481:249–260

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He J, Han S, Li XX, Wang QQ, Cui Y, Chen Y, Gao H, Huang L, Yang S (2019) Diethyl blechnic exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Molecules 24(24):4502

Hoesel B, Schmid JA (2013) The complexity of NF-kappaB signaling in inflammation and cancer. Mol Cancer 12:86

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hritz I, Herszenyi L, Molnar B, Tulassay Z, Pronai L (2005) Long-term omeprazole and esomeprazole treatment does not significantly increase gastric epithelial cell p