Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–16.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoler M. Wegovy U.S. Supply shortage strikes again. WebMD Health News. 2023 May 5 2023.

Colman E. Anorectics on trial: a half century of federal regulation of prescription appetite suppressants. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(5):380–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Pagotto U, et al. Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):342–62.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel D. Pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity. Metabolism. 2015;64(11):1376–85.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray GA, Greenway FL. Pharmacological treatment of the overweight patient. Pharmacol Rev. 2007;59(2):151–84.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelson DL, Gehlert DR. Central nervous system biogenic amine targets for control of appetite and energy expenditure. Endocrine. 2006;29(1):49–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Introduction WM. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):581–5.

Google Scholar 

Weintraub M. Long-term weight control study: conclusions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):642–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weintraub M, Sundaresan PR, Madan M, Schuster B, Balder A, Lasagna L, et al. Long-term weight control study I (weeks 0 to 34). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51(5):586–94.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murali S. Knowledge gaps in long-term phentermine use: making the case for maintenance. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(8):1219.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray GA, Heisel WE, Afshin A, Jensen MD, Dietz WH, Long M, et al. The science of obesity management: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(2):79–132.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College Of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Executive Summary Complete Guidelines available at https://www.aace.com/publications/guidelines. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(7):842–84.

Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2013.

Grunvald E, Shah R, Hernaez R, Chandar AK, Pickett-Blakely O, Teigen LM, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on pharmacological interventions for adults with obesity. Gastroenterology. 2022;163(5):1198–225.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wharton S, Lau DCW, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, et al. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2020;192(31):E875–91.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;360:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Saxon DR, Iwamoto SJ, Mettenbrink CJ, McCormick E, Arterburn D, Daley MF, et al. Antiobesity medication use in 2.2 million adults across eight large health care organizations: 2009–2015. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(12):1975–81.

Almazan E, Schwartz JL, Gudzune KA. Use of medications associated with weight change among participants in the All of Us research programme. Clin Obes. 2023:e12609.

Elangovan A, Shah R, Smith ZL. Pharmacotherapy for obesity-trends using a population level national database. Obes Surg. 2021;31(3):1105–12.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis KH, Fischer H, Ard J, Barton L, Bessesen DH, Daley MF, et al. Safety and effectiveness of longer-term phentermine use: clinical outcomes from an electronic health record cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(4):591–602.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Kandler K, Konakli K, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553–64.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, Hesse D, Greenway FL, Jensen C, et al. Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–25.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shibuya K, Ali KF, Ji X, Milinoivh A, Bauman J, Kattan MW, et al. The benefit of short-term weight loss with anti-obesity medications in real-world clinical practice. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(10):1022–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grabarczyk TR. Observational comparative effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments for obesity within the veterans health administration. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(1):19–28.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tchang BG, Aras M, Wu A, Aronne LJ, Shukla AP. Long-term weight loss maintenance with obesity pharmacotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. Obes Sci Pract. 2022;8(3):320–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunningham JG, Szoka N, Tabone LE, Cox S, Aylward L, Abunnaja S. Preoperative and early adjuvant weight loss medications in bariatric surgery patients with body mass index over 60 or suboptimal initial response to surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis: official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. 2023.

Griebeler ML, Butsch WS, Rodriguez P, Lomeli L, Kampert M, Makin V, et al. The use of virtual visits for obesity pharmacotherapy in patients with overweight or obesity compared with in-person encounters. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022;30(11):2194–203.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rocha-Gonzalez HI, De la Cruz-Alvarez LE, Kammar-Garcia A, Canizales-Quinteros S, Huerta-Cruz JC, Barranco-Garduno LM, et al. Weight loss at first month and development of tolerance as possible predictors of 30 mg phentermine efficacy at 6 months. J Pers Med. 2021;11(12).

Moldovan CP, Weldon AJ, Daher NS, Schneider LE, Bellinger DL, Berk LS, et al. Effects of a meal replacement system alone or in combination with phentermine on weight loss and food cravings. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(11):2344–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas DD, Waring ME, Ameli O, Reisman JI, Vimalananda VG. Patient characteristics associated with receipt of prescription weight-management medications among veterans participating in MOVE! Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(7):1168–76.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Acosta A, Camilleri M, Abu Dayyeh B, Calderon G, Gonzalez D, McRae A, et al. Selection of antiobesity medications based on phenotypes enhances weight loss: a pragmatic trial in an obesity clinic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(4):662–71.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FaDA, Center for drug evaluation and research. Guidance for industry: developing products for weight management. 2007.

Marquez-Cruz M, Kammar-Garcia A, Huerta-Cruz JC, Carrasco-Portugal MDC, Barranco-Garduno LM, Rodriguez-Silverio J, et al. Three- and six-month efficacy and safety of phentermine in a Mexican obese population. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;59(8):539–48.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez-Cruz E, Guevara-Cruz M, Ortiz-Gutierrez S, Luna-Camacho Y, Guzman-Aguilar R, Briceno-Saenz G, et al. Effect of phentermine on hepatic steatosis in bariatric surgery: a pilot study. Med Princ Pract. 2022;31(3):254–61.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim HO, Lee JA, Suh HW, Kim YS, Kim BS, Ahn ES, et al. Postmarketing surveillance study of the efficacy and safety of phentermine in patients with obesity. Korean J Fam Med. 2013;34(5):298–306.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lexicomp. Phentermine: drug information: Topic 9765 Version 211.0 2018 [Available from: Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phentermine-drug-information?search=phentermine&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~13&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#F209150.

Lexicomp. Phentermine and topiramate: drug information (Topic 85870 Version 263.0) 2023 [Available at: https://www-uptodate-com.wake.idm.oclc.org/contents/phentermine-and-topiramate-drug-information?search=qsymia:%20drug%20information&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1~6&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#references].

Lexicomp. Semaglutide: drug information (Topic 115980 Version 217.0) 2023 [Available at: https://www-uptodate-com.wake.idm.oclc.org/contents/semaglutide-drug-information?source=auto_suggest&selectedTitle=1~1---1~4---semaglu&search=semaglutide].

Lee M, Lauren BN, Zhan T, Choi J, Klebanoff M, Abu Dayyeh B, et al. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity. Obes Sci Pract. 2020;6(2):162–70.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elhag W, El Ansari W, Abdulrazzaq S, Elsherif M, Mustafa I. Lorcaserin vs. Phentermine among non-surgical and surgical obese patients: anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, safety and cost outcomes. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2019;45:75–81.

Gorelik E, Gorelik B, Masarwa R, Perlman A, Hirsh-Raccah B, Matok I. The cardiovascular safety of antiobesity drugs-analysis of signals in the FDA Adverse Event Report System Database. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(5):1021–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas EA, McNair B, Bechtell JL, Ferland A, Cornier MA, Eckel RH. Greater hunger and less restraint predict weight loss success with phentermine treatment. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(1):37–43.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rothman RB, Elmer GI, Shippenberg TS, Rea W, Baumann MH. Phentermine and fenfluramine: preclinical studies in animal models of cocaine addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;844(1):59–74.

Hendricks EJ, Srisurapanont M, Schmidt SL, Haggard M, Souter S, Mitchell CL, et al. Addiction potential of phentermine prescribed during long-term treatment of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(2):292–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Force USPST, Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, et al. Behavioral weight loss interventions to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;320(11):1163–71.

O’Malley PG. What does off-label prescribing really mean? Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(10):759–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eguale T, Buckeridge DL, Winslade NE, Benedetti A, Hanley JA, Tamblyn R. Drug, patient, and physician characteristics associated with off-label prescribing in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(10):781–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radley DC, Finkelstein SN, Stafford RS. Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):1021–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Good CB, Gellad WF. Off-label drug use and adverse drug events: turning up the heat on off-label prescribing. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(1):63–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diversion Control Division UD. Controlled substance schedules 2023 [Available from: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/.

Gabay M. Federal controlled substances act: controlled substances prescriptions. Hosp Pharm. 2013;48(8):644–5.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Administration UFaD. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Chapter II, Part 1306, Prescriptions 2023 [Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=1306.22.

Services UDoHaH. Prescribing controlled substances via telehealth 2023 [Available from: https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/telehealth-policy/prescribing-controlled-substances-via-telehealth.

Agency UDE. Dea’s proposed telemedicine regulations: highlights for medical practitioners 2023 [Available from: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/Telehealth_Practitioner_Narrative_312023.pdf.

Pharmacy KBo. Frequently asked questions [Available from: https://pharmacy.ks.gov/resources-consumer-info-2/faq/lists/listsProvider10/weight-loss/can-a-controlled-substance-be-prescribed-to-treat-weight-loss.

Commission OLS. Rule 4731–11–04: Controlled substances for the treatment of obesity 2023 [Available from: