Gyawali S, Patra BN. Autism spectrum disorder: trends in research exploring etiopathogenesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;73(8):466–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai M-C, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S. Autism. The Lancet. 2014;383(9920):896–910.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lord C, Brugha TS, Charman T, Cusack J, Dumas G, Frazier T, et al. Autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meltzer A, Van de Water J. The role of the immune system in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):284–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gottfried C, Bambini-Junior V, Francis F, Riesgo R, Savino W. The impact of neuroimmune alterations in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:121.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Modabbernia A, Velthorst E, Reichenberg A. Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Mol Autism. 2017;8:13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Estes ML, McAllister AK. Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(8):469–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu G, Snetselaar LG, Jing J, Liu B, Strathearn L, Bao W. Association of food allergy and other allergic conditions with autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(2): e180279.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zerbo O, Leong A, Barcellos L, Bernal P, Fireman B, Croen LA. Immune mediated conditions in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;46:232–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee AS, Azmitia EC, Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Developmental microglial priming in postmortem autism spectrum disorder temporal cortex. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;62:193–202.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandal MJ, Zhang P, Hadjimichael E, Walker RL, Chen C, Liu S, et al. Transcriptome-wide isoform-level dysregulation in ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Science. 2018;362(6420):eaat8127.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Velmeshev D, Schirmer L, Jung D, Haeussler M, Perez Y, Mayer S, et al. Single-cell genomics identifies cell type-specific molecular changes in autism. Science. 2019;364(6441):685–9.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siniscalco D, Schultz S, Brigida AL, Antonucci N. Inflammation and neuro-immune dysregulations in autism spectrum disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2018;11(2):56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masi A, Glozier N, Dale R, Guastella AJ. The immune system, cytokines, and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Bull. 2017;33(2):194–204.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin CW, Septyaningtrias DE, Chao HW, Konda M, Atarashi K, Takeshita K, et al. A common epigenetic mechanism across different cellular origins underlies systemic immune dysregulation in an idiopathic autism mouse model. Mol Psychiatry. 2022.

Banks WA. Blood-brain barrier transport of cytokines: a mechanism for neuropathology. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(8):973–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng Y, Desse S, Martinez A, Worthen RJ, Jope RS, Beurel E. TNFalpha disrupts blood brain barrier integrity to maintain prolonged depressive-like behavior in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;69:556–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fiorentino M, Sapone A, Senger S, Camhi SS, Kadzielski SM, Buie TM, et al. Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2016;7:49.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corraliza I. Recruiting specialized macrophages across the borders to restore brain functions. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:262.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varatharaj A, Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;60:1–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKim DB, Weber MD, Niraula A, Sawicki CM, Liu X, Jarrett BL, et al. Microglial recruitment of IL-1beta-producing monocytes to brain endothelium causes stress-induced anxiety. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(6):1421–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Da Mesquita S, Fu Z, Kipnis J. The meningeal lymphatic system: a new player in neurophysiology. Neuron. 2018;100(2):375–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Barres BA. Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18(4):225–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masuda T, Amann L, Monaco G, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, Krueger M, et al. Specification of CNS macrophage subsets occurs postnatally in defined niches. Nature. 2022;604(7907):740–8.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paolicelli RC, Sierra A, Stevens B, Tremblay ME, Aguzzi A, Ajami B, et al. Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads. Neuron. 2022;110(21):3458–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park MD, Silvin A, Ginhoux F, Merad M. Macrophages in health and disease. (1097–4172 (Electronic)).

Yamauchi T, Makinodan M, Toritsuka M, Okumura K, Kayashima Y, Ishida R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression aberration of M1/M2 macrophages in adult high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2021;14(11):2330–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McEwen BS, Morrison JH. The brain on stress: vulnerability and plasticity of the prefrontal cortex over the life course. Neuron. 2013;79(1):16–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nie X, Kitaoka S, Tanaka K, Segi-Nishida E, Imoto Y, Ogawa A, et al. The innate immune receptors TLR2/4 mediate repeated social defeat stress-induced social avoidance through prefrontal microglial activation. Neuron. 2018;99(3):464–79e7.

Katsuki R, Tateno M, Kubo H, Kurahara K, Hayakawa K, Kuwano N, et al. Autism spectrum conditions in hikikomori: A pilot case-control study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74(12):652–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gillott A, Standen PJ. Levels of anxiety and sources of stress in adults with autism. J Intellect Disabil. 2007;11(4):359–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makinodan M, Iwata K, Ikawa D, Yamashita Y, Yamamuro K, Toritsuka M, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlates with early childhood social interaction in autism spectrum disorder. Neurochem Int. 2017;104:1–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lord C, Rutter M, Goode S, Heemsbergen J, Jordan H, Mawhood L, et al. Autism diagnostic observation schedule: a standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19(2):185–212.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(1):5–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurita H, Koyama T, Osada H. Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Japanese version and its short forms for screening normally intelligent persons with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(4):490–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sumiyoshi C, Fujino H, Sumiyoshi T, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Ohi K, et al. Usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale short form for assessing functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2016;245:371–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131(5):861–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toritsuka M, Yoshino H, Makinodan M, Ikawa D, Kimoto S, Yamamuro K, et al. Developmental dysregulation of excitatory-to-inhibitory GABA-polarity switch may underlie schizophrenia pathology: a monozygotic-twin discordant case analysis in human iPS cell-derived neurons. Neurochem Int. 2021;150: 105179.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishii T, Ishikawa M, Fujimori K, Maeda T, Kushima I, Arioka Y, et al. In vitro modeling of the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells with copy number variations of PCDH15 and RELN. eNeuro. 2019;6(5).