*Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

†Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

‡Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

§Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

∥Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

¶Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

#Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

**Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL

††Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service, Chicago, IL

This study was funded by a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (5R01AR078342-02) to the first author.

H.M.K.G. reports receiving funds from Orthofix LLC, and serving on the editorial board of Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research and BMJ SIT, and having owenrship stocks at Aspis LLC, and Gen1 Capital. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Hassan M.K. Ghomrawi, PhD, MPH, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 633 N. Saint Clair, 20th Floor, Room 20-056, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail: [email protected].

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