From the American College of Surgeons (S.D.K.); Department of Surgery (S.D.K., C.M.S., A.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery (A.B.N.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Social Sciences (K.J.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Pediatric Surgery (B.T.C.), Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut.

Submitted: August 9, 2023, Revised: September 28, 2023, Accepted: October 19, 2023, Published online: November 7, 2023.

This study was presented at the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, September 23, 2023, in Anaheim, California.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Shelbie D. Kirkendoll, DO, MS, American College of Surgeons, 633 N St Clair, Chicago, IL 60605; email: [email protected].