Carr SS, Hooper AJ, Sullivan DR, Burnett JR (2019) Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Pathology 51(2):148–154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.006. PubMed PMID: 30595507

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM et al (2017) Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: a Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 136(3):e1–e23. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. PubMed PMID: 28620111

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez S, Bermudez B, Ortega A, Varela LM, Pacheco YM, Villar J et al (2011) Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 93(3):494–499. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003251. PubMed PMID: 21209225

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS (2020) Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8(8):Cd011737. Epub 20200821. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3. PubMed PMID: 32827219; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8092457

de Oliveira Otto MC, Mozaffarian D, Kromhout D, Bertoni AG, Sibley CT, Jacobs DR Jr., Nettleton JA (2012) Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 96(2):397–404 Epub 20120703. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037770

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Givens DI (2022) Saturated fats, dairy foods and cardiovascular health: no longer a curious paradox? Nutr Bull 47(4):407–422

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Sullivan TA, Hafekost K, Mitrou F, Lawrence D (2013) Food sources of saturated fat and the association with mortality: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 103(9):e31–42 Epub 20130718. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301492

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Department of Agriculture US, Department of Health and Human Services US (2020) Dietary guidelines for americans, 2020–2025, 9th edn. US Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC

Google Scholar 

Pimpin L, Wu JH, Haskelberg H, Del Gobbo L, Mozaffarian D (2016) Is butter back? A systematic review and Meta-analysis of butter consumption and risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and total mortality. PLoS ONE 11(6):e0158118 Epub 20160629. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158118

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Engel S, Tholstrup T (2015) Butter increased total and LDL cholesterol compared with olive oil but resulted in higher HDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet. Am J Clin Nutr 102(2):309–315

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trichia E, Luben R, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Imamura F, Forouhi NG (2020) The associations of longitudinal changes in consumption of total and types of dairy products and markers of metabolic risk and adiposity: findings from the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk study, United Kingdom. Am J Clin Nutr 111(5):1018–1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz335. PubMed PMID: 31915813; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7198306

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nestel PJ, Mori TA (2022) Dairy foods: is its Cardiovascular Risk Profile changing? Curr Atheroscler Rep 24(1):33–40 Epub 20220119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-00984-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hjerpsted J, Leedo E, Tholstrup T (2011) Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content. Am J Clin Nutr 94(6):1479–1484. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.022426. PubMed PMID: 22030228

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brassard D, Tessier-Grenier M, Allaire J, Rajendiran E, She Y, Ramprasath V et al (2017) Comparison of the impact of SFAs from cheese and butter on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 105(4):800–809. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.150300. PubMed PMID: 28251937

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nestel PJ, Chronopulos A, Cehun M (2005) Dairy fat in cheese raises LDL cholesterol less than that in butter in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 59(9):1059–1063. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602211. PubMed PMID: 16015270

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Astrup A, Bertram HC, Bonjour JP, de Groot LC, de Oliveira Otto MC, Feeney EL et al (2019) WHO draft guidelines on dietary saturated and trans fatty acids: time for a new approach? BMJ 366:l4137 Epub 20190703. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4137

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, Sheridan P, Mohan V, Iqbal R et al (2018) Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 392(10161):2288–2297 Epub 20180911. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31812-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kvist K, Laursen ASD, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU (2020) Substitution of milk with whole-Fat Yogurt products or cheese is Associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. J Nutr 150(5):1252–1258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz337. PubMed PMID: 31919508

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE et al (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 35(8):1381-95. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB. PubMed PMID: 12900694

Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, Navar AM, Pencina M, Catapano A, Ference BA (2019) Apolipoprotein B particles and Cardiovascular Disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiol 4(12):1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780. PubMed PMID: 31642874; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7369156

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robinson JG, Wang S, Jacobson TA (2012) Meta-analysis of comparison of effectiveness of lowering apolipoprotein B versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol for cardiovascular risk reduction in randomized trials. Am J Cardiol 110(10):1468–1476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.07.007. PubMed PMID: 22906895

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Connor A, Feeney EL, Bhargava N, Noronha N, Gibney ER (2022) Determination of factors associated with serum cholesterol response to dairy fat consumption in overweight adults: secondary analysis from an RCT. Front Nutr 9:945723 Epub 20220803. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.945723

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thorning TK, Bertram HC, Bonjour JP, de Groot L, Dupont D, Feeney E et al (2017) Whole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: current evidence and knowledge gaps. Am J Clin Nutr 105(5):1033–1045 Epub 20170412. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.151548

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beals E, Kamita SG, Sacchi R, Demmer E, Rivera N, Rogers-Soeder TS et al (2019) Addition of milk fat globule membrane-enriched supplement to a high-fat meal attenuates insulin secretion and induction of soluble epoxide hydrolase gene expression in the postprandial state in overweight and obese subjects. J Nutr Sci 8:e16. PubMed PMID: 31080589; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6498758

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mulet-Cabero A-I, Brodkorb A (2021) Dairy products. In: Grundy MML, Wilde PJ (eds) Bioaccessibility and digestibility of lipids from Food. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 133–149

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Ahn Y-J, Ganesan P, Kwak H-S (2011) Composition, structure, and bioactive components in milk fat globule membrane. Food Sci Anim Resour 31(1):1–8

Article  Google Scholar 

Nilsson A, Duan RD (2006) Absorption and lipoprotein transport of sphingomyelin. J Lipid Res 47(1):154–171 Epub 20051026. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M500357-JLR200

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckhardt ER, Wang DQ, Donovan JM, Carey MC (2002) Dietary sphingomyelin suppresses intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing thermodynamic activity of cholesterol monomers. Gastroenterology 122(4):948–956. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.32539. PubMed PMID: 11910347

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feeney EL, Barron R, Dible V, Hamilton Z, Power Y, Tanner L et al (2018) Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix-a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 108(4):667–674. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy146. PubMed PMID: 30107488

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soerensen KV, Thorning TK, Astrup A, Kristensen M, Lorenzen JK (2014) Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 99(5):984–991 Epub 20140312. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.077735

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamothe S, Rémillard N, Tremblay J, Britten M (2017) Influence of dairy matrices on nutrient release in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. Food Res Int. 92:138 – 46. Epub 20161228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.026. PubMed PMID: 28290291

Feeney EL, Daly A, Dunne S, Dible V, Barron R, Seratlic S et al (2023) Effect of reduced-calcium and high-calcium cheddar cheese consumption on the excretion of faecal fat: a 2-week cross-over dietary intervention study. Eur J Nutr 62(4):1755–1765 Epub 20230223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03118-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raziani F, Tholstrup T, Kristensen MD, Svanegaard ML, Ritz C, Astrup A, Raben A (2016) High intake of regular-fat cheese compared with reduced-fat cheese does not affect LDL cholesterol or risk markers of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 104(4):973–981. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.134932. PubMed PMID: 27557654

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rancourt-Bouchard M, Gigleux I, Guay V, Charest A, Saint-Gelais D, Vuillemard JC et al (2020) Effects of regular-fat and low-fat dairy consumption on daytime ambulatory blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomized controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 111(1):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz251. PubMed PMID: 31584063

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidt KA, Cromer G, Burhans MS, Kuzma JN, Hagman DK, Fernando I et al (2021) The impact of diets rich in low-fat or full-fat dairy on glucose tolerance and its determinants: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 113(3):534–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa301. PubMed PMID: 33184632; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7948850

Article  CAS  PubMed