Assi M, Kimmelman AC. Impact of context-dependent autophagy states on tumor progression. Nat Cancer. 2023;4(5):596–607.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto H, Zhang S, Mizushima N. Autophagy genes in biology and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2023;24(6):382–400.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vargas JNS, Hamasaki M, Kawabata T, Youle RJ, Yoshimori T. The mechanisms and roles of selective autophagy in mammals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2023;24(3):167–85.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nakatogawa H. Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(8):439–58.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gubas A, Dikic I. A guide to the regulation of selective autophagy receptors. FEBS J. 2022;289(1):75–89.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Soto A, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Gonzalez S. Involvement of autophagy in NK cell development and function. Autophagy. 2017;13(3):633–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Macian F. Autophagy in T Cell Function and Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:213.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar BV, Connors TJ, Farber DL. Human T cell development, localization, and function throughout life. Immunity. 2018;48(2):202–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bronietzki AW, Schuster M, Schmitz I. Autophagy in T-cell development, activation and differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2015;93(1):25–34.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salemi S, Yousefi S, Constantinescu MA, Fey MF, Simon HU. Autophagy is required for self-renewal and differentiation of adult human stem cells. Cell Res. 2012;22(2):432–5.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mortensen M, Soilleux EJ, Djordjevic G, Tripp R, Lutteropp M, Sadighi-Akha E, et al. The autophagy protein Atg7 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. J Exp Med. 2011;208(3):455–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mortensen M, Watson AS, Simon AK. Lack of autophagy in the hematopoietic system leads to loss of hematopoietic stem cell function and dysregulated myeloid proliferation. Autophagy. 2011;7(9):1069–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Warr MR, Binnewies M, Flach J, Reynaud D, Garg T, Malhotra R, et al. FOXO3A directs a protective autophagy program in haematopoietic stem cells. Nature. 2013;494(7437):323–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dong S, Wang Q, Kao YR, Diaz A, Tasset I, Kaushik S, et al. Chaperone-mediated autophagy sustains haematopoietic stem-cell function. Nature. 2021;591(7848):117–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aichinger M, Wu C, Nedjic J, Klein L. Macroautophagy substrates are loaded onto MHC class II of medullary thymic epithelial cells for central tolerance. J Exp Med. 2013;210(2):287–300.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kuma A, Hatano M, Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Nakaya H, Yoshimori T, et al. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature. 2004;432(7020):1032–6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nedjic J, Aichinger M, Emmerich J, Mizushima N, Klein L. Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance. Nature. 2008;455(7211):396–400.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Angelin A, Gil-de-Gomez L, Dahiya S, Jiao J, Guo L, Levine MH, et al. Foxp3 Reprograms T Cell metabolism to function in low-glucose, high-lactate environments. Cell Metab. 2017;25(6):1282-93 e7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wei J, Long L, Yang K, Guy C, Shrestha S, Chen Z, et al. Autophagy enforces functional integrity of regulatory T cells by coupling environmental cues and metabolic homeostasis. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(3):277–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Becher J, Simula L, Volpe E, Procaccini C, La Rocca C, D’Acunzo P, et al. AMBRA1 Controls Regulatory T-Cell differentiation and homeostasis upstream of the FOXO3-FOXP3 Axis. Dev Cell. 2018;47(5):592-607 e6.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parekh VV, Wu L, Boyd KL, Williams JA, Gaddy JA, Olivares-Villagomez D, et al. Impaired autophagy, defective T cell homeostasis, and a wasting syndrome in mice with a T cell-specific deletion of Vps34. J Immunol. 2013;190(10):5086–101.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kabat AM, Harrison OJ, Riffelmacher T, Moghaddam AE, Pearson CF, Laing A, et al. The autophagy gene Atg16l1 differentially regulates Treg and TH2 cells to control intestinal inflammation. Elife. 2016;5:e12444.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kato H, Perl A. Blockade of Treg Cell Differentiation and Function by the Interleukin-21-Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Axis Via Suppression of Autophagy in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(3):427–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chang L, Wu H, Huang W, Li Y, Chen Y, Li X, et al. IL-21 induces pyroptosis of Treg cells via Akt-mTOR-NLRP3-caspase 1 axis in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;152(3):641-55 e14.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wong WT, Li LH, Rao YK, Yang SP, Cheng SM, Lin WY, et al. Repositioning of the beta-Blocker Carvedilol as a Novel Autophagy Inducer That Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1920.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung MK, Shin EC. Regulatory T Cells in Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections. Immune Netw. 2016;16(6):330–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng LS, Li J, Liu Y, Wang FP, Wang SQ, She WM, et al. HMGB1-induced autophagy: a new pathway to maintain Treg function during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131(5):381–94.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li J, Lin X, Liu X, Ma Z, Li Y. Baicalin regulates Treg/Th17 cell imbalance by inhibiting autophagy in allergic rhinitis. Mol Immunol. 2020;125:162–71.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xia R, Yang M, Fu X, Du W, Gao X, Li G, et al. Differential Requirement of Beclin 1 for Regulating the Balance of Naive and Activated CD4(+) T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:834.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kovacs JR, Li C, Yang Q, Li G, Garcia IG, Ju S, et al. Autophagy promotes T-cell survival through degradation of proteins of the cell death machinery. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19(1):144–52.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Benoit-Lizon I, Jacquin E, Apetoh L. Selective autophagy restricts IL-9 secretion from T(H)9 cells: relevance in cancer growth. Cell Cycle. 2018;17(4):391–2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rivera Vargas T, Cai Z, Shen Y, Dosset M, Benoit-Lizon I, Martin T, et al. Selective degradation of PU.1 during autophagy represses the differentiation and antitumour activity of T(H)9 cells. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):559.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robins E, Zheng M, Ni Q, Liu S, Liang C, Zhang B, et al. Conversion of effector CD4(+) T cells to a CD8(+) MHC II-recognizing lineage. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(1):150–61.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang G, Song W, Postoak JL, Chen J, Martinez J, Zhang J, et al. Autophagy-related protein PIK3C3/VPS34 controls T cell metabolism and function. Autophagy. 2021;17(5):1193–204.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cen S, Wang P, Xie Z, Yang R, Li J, Liu Z, et al. Autophagy enhances mesenchymal stem cell-mediated CD4(+) T cell migration and differentiation through CXCL8 and TGF-beta1. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):265.