Schwartz TL, Park TL. Assaults by patients on psychiatric residents: a survey and training recommendations. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(3):381–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coverdale J, Gale C, Weeks S, Turbott S. A survey of threats and violent acts by patients against training physicians. Med Educ. 2001;35:154–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwok S, Ostermeyer B, Coverdale J. A systematic review of the prevalence of patient assaults against residents. J Grad Med Educ. 2012;4(3):296–300.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kozlowska K, Nunn K, Cousens P. Adverse experiences in psychiatric training. Part 2. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997;31:641–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bitencourt MR, Silva LL, Alarcão ACJ, Dutra AC, Bitencourt MR, Garcia GJ, et al. The impact of violence on the anxiety levels of healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:761555.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramzi ZS, Fatah PW, Dalvandi A. Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2022;13:896156.

Ward JA, Stone EM, Mui P, Resnick B. Pandemic-related workplace violence and its impact on public health officials, March 2020-January 2021. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(5):736–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong AH, Roppolo LP, Chang BP, Yonkers KA, Wilson MP, Powsner S, et al. Management of agitation during the COVID-19 pandemic. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):795–800.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson MP, Pepper D, Currier GW, Holloman GH, Feifel D. The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA Psychopharmacology Workgroup. West J Emerg Med. 2012;8(1):26–34.

Article  Google Scholar 

Roppolo LP, Morris DW, Khan F, Downs R, Metzger J, Carder T, et al. Improving the management of acutely agitated patients in the emergency department through implementation of project BETA (best practices in the evaluation and treatment of agitation). J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2020;1(5):898–907.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coverdale J, Balon R, Beresin EV, Brenner AM, Louie AK, Guerrero APS, et al. What are some stressful adversities in psychiatry residency training, and how should they be managed professionally? Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43:145–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lion JR, Kenefick DP, Albert J, Bach-y-Rita G, Blumer D, Monroe RR, et al. Clinical aspects of the violent individual. 1974. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Directories/Library-and-Archive/task-force-reports/tfr1974_ViolentIndividual.pdf. Accessed 6 November 2023.

Vestal HS. My first restraint. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40:560–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dvir Y, Moniwa E, Crisp-Han H, Levy D, Coverdale JH. Survey of threats and assaults by patients on psychiatry residents. Acad Psychiatry. 2012;36:39–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Usher CT, Beresin EV. Understanding reactions of patient and families. In: Gabriella A, Laydon AJ, Yu M, Wood KE, editors. Civetta, Taylor and Kirby’s handbook of critical care. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018.

Google Scholar 

Smith CM, Turner NA, Thielman NM, Tweedy DS, Egger J, Gagliardi JP. Association of Black race with physical and chemical restraint use among patients undergoing emergency psychiatric evaluation. Psychiatr Serv. 2022;73(7):730–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agboola IK, Coupet E Jr, Wong AH. “The coats that we can take off and the ones we can’t”: the role of trauma-informed care on race and bias during agitation in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;77(5):493–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jin RO, Anaebere TC, Haar RJ. Exploring bias in restraint use: four strategies to mitigate bias in care of the agitated patient in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2021;28:1061–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freeman S, Yorke J, Dark P. The multidisciplinary team perspectives on agitation management in critical care: a qualitative study. Nurs Crit Care. 2022;27:81–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hilton NZ, Ricciardelli R, Shewmake J, Rodrigues NC, Seto MC, Ham E. Perceptions of workplace violence and workplace stress: a mixed methods study of trauma among psychiatric workers. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2021;42(9):797–807.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ham E, Ricciardelli R, Rodrigues NC, Hilton NZ, Seto MC. Beyond workplace violence: direct and vicarious trauma among psychiatric hospital workers. A qualitative study. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30:1482–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu AW. Medical error: the second victim. BMJ. 2000;320(7237):726–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong AH, Ray JM, Rosenberg A, Crispino L, Parker J, McVaney C, et al. Experiences of individuals who were physically restrained in the emergency department. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):e1919381.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gorlin R, Zucker HD. Physicians’ reactions to patients: a key to teaching humanistic medicine. N Engl J Med. 1983;308(18):1059–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKenna BG, Simpson AI, Coverdale JH. What is the role of procedural justice in civil commitment? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34(4):671–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKenna BG, Simpson AI, Coverdale JH, Laidlaw TM. An analysis of procedural justice during psychiatric hospital admission. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2001;24(6):573–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crisis Prevented. In: Crisis Prevention Institute. 2023. https://institute.crisisprevention.com. Accessed 6 Nov 2023.

Management of Aggressive Behavior. In: Management of Aggressive Behavior Training International. 2023. https://www.moabtraining.com/about-us/who-what-moabr. Accessed 6 Nov 2023

Khan JS, Stolar A, Idicula S, Pershern LS, Coverdale J. Addressing residents’ fears of violence: one program’s residency workshop to address fears of violence and teach violence risk assessment. Acad Psychiatry. 2023;47(5):488–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swift RH, Harrigan EP, Cappelleri JC, Kramer D, Chandler LP. Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36:87–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar