Competing interests

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest MMA received support for research from the German Research Foundation (DFG), DZIF, BMBF, CEPI, and a lecture honorarium from Gilead (Campus Infectiology). OAC reports grants or contracts from BMBF, Cidara, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Biocon, Cidara, Gilead, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Moderna, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; Honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Abbvie, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals/Hikma, Gilead, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck/MSD, Noscendo, Pfizer, Shionogi, streamedup!; Payment for expert testimony from Cidara; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group; A patent at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DE 10 2021 113 007.7); Stocks from CoRe Consulting, EasyRadiology; Other interests from Wiley. MD received support for research from BMBF, GBA, ERASMUS +, DFG, and honoraria from Heel, Pfizer, BMS, Amgen. MD is an honorary member of the following committees/boards: Berufsverband Deutscher Internistinnen und Internisten (Board of Directors); Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (Weiterbildung/ Krankenhaus), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie (President Elect), HCPWP (Health Care Professional Working Party), and HCP POG (Policy Officers Group) of the EMA for the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society. GE declares no conflicts of interest. SH received support for research from DFG, LOEWE Hessen, BMBF, DZL, DZIF, Institute of Lung Health (IHL), Volkswagen Foundation, and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sanofi, Atriva, PTx Partner Therapeutics, Savara. MP received support for research from DFG, BMBF, Pfizer, Correvio, Infectopharm, and honoraria from Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Bayer, Chiesi, GSK, Thermofisher, Infectopharm, Basilea, Curetis, Roche, Novartis, Janssen. MP reports voluntary activities on the board of DSG, CAPNETZ, PEG (president), Forschungscampus Infectognostics e.V., on the advisory board of RKI, WHO, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research. GR received support for research from BMBF, GSK, and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Bayer, Berlin-Chemie, Grifols, Insmed, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, GSK, Roche. GR volunteers on the board of the CAPNETZ Foundation (chair) and the German Respiratory League and is a member of the board of trustees of the German Lung Foundation. TW received support for research from DFG, BMBF, GSK, and honoraria for lectures/ad board from AstraZeneca, GSK, Jansen, Moderna, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis. TW provides unpaid advice to Leopoldina, EMA, CDC and is honorary Chairman of the Board of Trustees of CAPNETZ Foundation, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the German Lung Foundation, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the German Sepsis Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees of the Fraunhofer Society, Member of the Board of Trustees of the Novartis Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board of the German Respiratory League, Speaker of the Working Group "Immunity and Vaccination" of the American Thoracic Society. WW declares no conflicts of interest. MW received support for research from DFG, BMBF, EKFS, Manchot Foundation, Sonnenfeld Foundation, Aptarion, Biotest, Pantherna, Vaxxilon, and honoraria from Aptarion, AstraZeneca, Biotest, Chiesi, Gilead, Insmed, Pantherna, Vaxxilon. MW is an honorary member of the Board of the CAPNETZ Foundation, the Review Board of Medicine of the DFG, and the Commission "Structure of Health Care" of the DGIM. Patents: EPO 12181535.1; WO/2010/094491; DE 102020116249.9.

Conflict of interest

MMA received support for research from the German Research Foundation (DFG), DZIF, BMBF, CEPI, and a lecture honorarum from Gilead (Campus Infectiology). OAC reports grants or contracts from BMBF, Cidara, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Biocon, Cidara, Gilead, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Moderna, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; Honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Abbvie, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals/Hikma, Gilead, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck/MSD, Noscendo, Pfizer, Shionogi, streamedup!; Payment for expert testimony from Cidara; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group; A patent at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DE 10 2021 113 007.7); Stocks from CoRe Consulting, EasyRadiology; Other interests from Wiley. MD received support for research from BMBF, GBA, ERASMUS + , DFG, and honoraria from Heel, Pfizer, BMS, Amgen. MD is an honorary member of the following committees/boards: Berufsverband Deutscher Internistinnen und Internisten (Board of Directors); Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (Weiterbildung/ Krankenhaus), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie (President Elect), HCPWP (Health Care Professional Working Party), and HCP POG (Policy Officers Group) of the EMA for the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society. GE declares no conflicts of interest. SH received support for research from DFG, LOEWE Hessen, BMBF, DZL, DZIF, Institute of Lung Health (IHL), Volkswagen Foundation, and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sanofi, Atriva, PTx Partner Therapeutics, Savara. MP received support for research from DFG, BMBF, Pfizer, Correvio, Infectopharm, and honoraria from Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Bayer, Chiesi, GSK, Thermofisher, Infectopharm, Basilea, Curetis, Roche, Novartis, Janssen. MP reports voluntary activities on the board of DSG, CAPNETZ, PEG (president), Forschungscampus Infectognostics e.V., on the advisory board of RKI, WHO, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research. GR received support for research from BMBF, GSK, and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Bayer, Berlin-Chemie, Grifols, Insmed, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, GSK, Roche. GR volunteers on the board of the CAPNETZ Foundation (chair) and the German Respiratory League and is a member of the board of trustees of the German Lung Foundation. TW received support for research from DFG, BMBF, GSK, and honoraria for lectures/ad board from AstraZeneca, GSK, Jansen, Moderna, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis. TW provides unpaid advice to Leopoldina, EMA, CDC and is honorary Chairman of the Board of Trustees of CAPNETZ Foundation, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the German Lung Foundation, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the German Sepsis Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees of the Fraunhofer Society, Member of the Board of Trustees of the Novartis Foundation, Member of the Advisory Board of the German Respiratory League, Speaker of the Working Group "Immunity and Vaccination" of the American Thoracic Society. WW declares no conflicts of interest. MW received support for research from DFG, BMBF, EKFS, Manchot Foundation, Sonnenfeld Foundation, Aptarion, Biotest, Pantherna, Vaxxilon, and honoraria from Aptarion, AstraZeneca, Biotest, Chiesi, Gilead, Insmed, Pantherna, Vaxxilon. MW is an honorary member of the Board of the CAPNETZ Foundation, the Review Board of Medicine of the DFG, and the Commission “Structure of Health Care” of the DGIM. Patents: EPO 12181535.1; WO/2010/094491; DE 102020116249.9.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.