Effectiveness and mediators of change of an online CBT intervention for students with adjustment disorder—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Franczok-Kuczmowska A, Kuzian M. Psychospołeczne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania i zdrowia psychicznego w okresie wczesnej dorosłości. Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica. 2018;11;115–34.

Sheldon E, Simmonds-Buckley M, Bone C, Mascarenhas T, Chan N, Wincott M, Barkham M. Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:282–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang HK, Rhodes C, Rivers E, Thornton CP, Rodney T. Prevalence of mental health disorders among undergraduate university students in the United States: a review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2021;59(2):17–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Limone P, Toto GA. Factors that predispose undergraduates to mental issues: a cumulative literature review for future research perspectives. Front Public Health. 2022;10:831349.

King CA, Eisenberg D, Pistorello J, Coryell W, Albucher RC, Favorite T, Zheng K. Electronic bridge to mental health for college students: a randomized controlled intervention trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2022;90(2):172.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Hunt JB. Mental health and academic success in college. BE J Econ Anal Policy. 2009;9(1):40.

Google Scholar 

Givens JL, Tjia J. Depressed medical students’ use of mental health services and barriers to use. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):918–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Komiya N, Good GE, Sherrod NB. Emotional openness as a predictor of college students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol. 2000;47(1):138.

Article  Google Scholar 

The Jed Foundation. https://jedfoundation.org/news-views/survey-of-college-student-mental-health-in-2020/. Accessed 22 Oct 2022.

Ryan ML, Shochet IM, Stallman HM. Universal online interventions might engage psychologically distressed university students who are unlikely to seek formal help. Adv Ment Health. 2010;9(1):73–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harrer M, Adam SH, Baumeister H, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Auerbach RP, Ebert DD. Internet interventions for mental health in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2019;28(2): e1759.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bachem R, Casey P. Adjustment disorder: a diagnosis whose time has come. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:243–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. ICD-11 revision. https://icd.who.int/en. Accessed 12 Nov 2020.

Bond FW, Hayes SC, Barnes-Holmes D. Psychological flexibility, ACT, and organizational behavior. In: Acceptance and mindfulness at work: Applying acceptance and commitment therapy and relational frame theory to organizational behavior management. Routledge; 2013:25–54.

Seçer İ, Ulaş S, Karaman-Özlü Z. The effect of the fear of COVID-19 on healthcare professionals’ psychological adjustment skills: mediating role of experiential avoidance and psychological resilience. Front Psychol. 2020;11: 561536.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krafft J, Haeger JA, Levin ME. Comparing cognitive fusion and cognitive reappraisal as predictors of college student mental health. Cogn Behav Ther. 2019;48(3):241–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bardeen JR, Fergus TA. The interactive effect of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance on anxiety, depression, stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2016;5(1):1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cookson C, Luzon O, Newland J, Kingston J. Examining the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2019;93(3):456–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12233.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dereix-Calonge I, Ruiz FJ, Cardona-Betancourt V, Flórez CL. Repetitive negative thinking longitudinally predicts the psychological adjustment of clinical psychology trainees. Psicología Conductual. 2020;28(2):227–43.

Google Scholar 

Ruiz FJ, Flórez CL, García-Martín MB, Monroy-Cifuentes A, Barreto-Montero K, García-Beltrán DM, Gil-Luciano B. A multiple-baseline evaluation of a brief acceptance and commitment therapy protocol focused on repetitive negative thinking for moderate emotional disorders. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2018;9:1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kingery JN, Bodenlos JS, Lathrop JA. Facets of dispositional mindfulness versus sources of social support predicting college students’ psychological adjustment. J Am Coll Health. 2020;68(4):403–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scott H, Donovan E. Student adaptation to college survey: The role of self-compassion in college adjustment. Psi Chi J Psychol Res. 2021;26(2):101–12.

Thompson BL, Waltz J. Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder avoidance symptom severity. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(4):409–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.02.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aderi M, Jdaitawi M, Ishak NA, Jdaitawi F. The influence of demographic variables on university students’ adjustment in North Jordan. Int Educ Stud. 2013;6(2):172–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mustaffa CS, Ilias M. Relationship between Students Adjustment Factors and Cross Cultural Adjustment: A Survey at the Northern University of Malaysia. Int Commun Stud. 2013;22(1):279–300.

Lowe H, Cook A. Mind the gap: are students prepared for higher education? J Furth High Educ. 2003;27(1):53–76.

Article  Google Scholar 

Belay Ababu G, Belete Yigzaw A, Dinku Besene Y, Getinet Alemu W. Prevalence of adjustment problem and its predictors among first-year undergraduate students in Ethiopian University: a cross-sectional institution based study. Psychiatry J. 2018;25:5919743.

Rodgers LS, Tennison LR. A preliminary assessment of adjustment disorder among first-year college students. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2009;23(3):220–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Credé M, Niehorster S. Adjustment to college as measured by the student adaptation to college questionnaire: a quantitative review of its structure and relationships with correlates and consequences. Educ Psychol Rev. 2012;24(1):133–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharma B. Adjustment and emotional maturity among first year college students. Pakistan J Soc Clin Psychol. 2012;9(3):32–7.

Google Scholar 

Eisenberg D, Lipson SK, Ceglarek P, Kern A, Phillips MV. College student mental health: the national landscape. In: Cimini MD, Rivero EM, editors. Promoting behavioral health and reducing risk among college students. Routledge; 2018. p. 75–86.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Dekker I, De Jong EM, Schippers MC, De Bruijn-Smolders M, Alexiou A, Giesbers B. Optimizing students’ mental health and academic performance: AI-enhanced life crafting. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1063.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flett JA, Conner TS, Riordan BC, Patterson T, Hayne H. App-based mindfulness meditation for psychological distress and adjustment to college in incoming university students: a pragmatic, randomised, waitlist-controlled trial. Psychol Health. 2020;35(9):1049–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebert DD, Cuijpers P, Muñoz RF, Baumeister H. Prevention of mental health disorders using Internet-and mobile-based interventions: a narrative review and recommendations for future research. Front Psych. 2017;8:116.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cieślak R, Kozłowska A, Michalak N, Koch A, Rogala A. Psychological internet interventions: concepts, applications, and challenges. Nauka. 2018;3:7–26.

Nguyen-Feng VN, Greer CS, Frazier P. Using online interventions to deliver college student mental health resources: evidence from randomized clinical trials. Psychol Serv. 2017;14(4):481.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Räsänen P, Lappalainen P, Muotka J, Tolvanen A, Lappalainen R. An online guided ACT intervention for enhancing the psychological wellbeing of university students: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016;78:30–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moser C, Bachem R, Berger T, Maercker A. ZIEL: Internet-based self-help for adjustment problems: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1655.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachem R, Maercker A. Self-help interventions for adjustment disorder problems: a randomized waiting-list controlled study in a sample of burglary victims. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016;45(5):397–413.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rachyla I, Pérez-Ara M, Molés M, Campos D, Mira A, Botella C, Quero S. An Internet-based intervention for adjustment disorder (TAO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eimontas J, Rimsaite Z, Gegieckaite G, Zelviene P, Kazlauskas E. Internet-based self-help intervention for ICD-11 adjustment disorder: preliminary findings. Psychiatr Q. 2018;89(2):451–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eimontas J, Gegieckaite G, Dovydaitiene M, Mazulyte E, Rimsaite Z, Skruibis P, Kazlauskas E. The role of therapist support on effectiveness of an internet-based modular self-help intervention for adjustment disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2018;31(2):146–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andersson G, Carlbring P, Berger T, Almlöv J, Cuijpers P. What makes internet therapy work? Cogn Behav Ther. 2009;38(S1):55–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zenoozian S, Birashk B, Gharraee B, Asgharnejad Farid AA. Comparison of transdiagnostic group therapy with cognitive group therapy in university students with adjustment disorder. Int J Psychol (IPA). 2013;7(2):96–116.

Brown TA, Barlow DH. A proposal for a dimensional classification system based on the shared features of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: implications for assessment and treatment. Psychol Assess. 2009;21(3):256.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, Dickersin K, Hróbjartsson A, Schulz KF, Parulekar WR, Krleza-Jeric K, Laupacis A, Moher D. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346: e7586. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7586.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Sealed Envelope Ltd. 2022. Simple randomisation service. [Online] Available from: https://www.sealedenvelope.com/simple-randomiser/v1/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2023].

Barlow DH, Farchione TJ, Sauer-Zavala S, Latin HM, Ellard KK, Bullis JR, et al. Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Workbook (2nd ed). New York: Oxford University Press; 2018.

Carlucci L, Saggino A, Balsamo M. On the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;87: 101999.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakiris N, Berle D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the unified protocol as a transdiagnostic emotion regulation based intervention. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;72: 101751.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif