Tolosa E. Periarteritic lesions of the carotid siphon with the clinical features of a carotid infraclinoidal aneurysm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1954;17(4):300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hunt WE, Meagher JN, Lefever HE, Zeman W. Painful opthalmoplegia. Its relation to indolent inflammation of the carvernous sinus. Neurology. 1961;11:56–62.

Smith JL, Taxdal DS. Painful ophthalmoplegia. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;61(6):1466–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kline LB, Hoyt WF. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(5):577–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Dong L, Zhou Z, Zhou J. A case report on recurrent alternating Tolosa-Hunt syndrome due to bacterial sphenoid sinusitis: rediscussing the diagnostic terminology and classification. BMC Neurol. 2023;23(1):1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211.

Olesen J, Steiner TJ. The International classification of headache disorders, 2nd edn (ICDH-II). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2004.

La Mantia L, Curone M, Rapoport AM, Bussone G, International Headache Society. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: critical literature review based on IHS 2004 criteria. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2006;26(7):772–81.

Jain R, Sawhney S, Koul R, Chand P. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI appearances. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008;52(5):447–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Invasive sphenoid sinus aspergillosis with normal findings on initial diagnostic tests that mimics Tolosa-Hunt syndrome—a diagnostic dilemma: a case report [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 29]. Available from: https://www.e-jyms.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.12701/jyms.2021.01494.

Frozen overnight: Acute orbital apex syndrome caused by aspergillosis - Francesco Pellegrini, Erika Mandarà, Altin Stafa, Salvatore Meli, 2023 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 29]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11206721211073447?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.

Kapila AT, Ray S, Lal V. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and IgG4 diseases in Neuro-Ophthalmology. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2022;25(2):S83.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dutta P. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome as a manifestation of Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2021;8(1):51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keane JR. Cavernous sinus syndrome: analysis of 151 cases. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(10):967–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iaconetta G, Stella L, Esposito M, Cappabianca P. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome extending in the cerebello-pontine angle. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2005;25(9):746–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Zhang W, Liu R, Dong Z, Yu S. Factors that influence Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and the short-term response to steroid pulse treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2014;341(1–2):13–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mullen E, Rutland JW, Green MW, Bederson J, Shrivastava R. Reappraising the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome diagnostic criteria: a case series. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2020;60(1):259–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Amrutkar C, Burton EV. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459225/.

Kim H, Oh SY. The clinical features and outcomes of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):237.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hung CH, Chang KH, Chen YL, Wu YM, Lai CL, Chang HS, et al. Clinical and radiological findings suggesting disorders other than Tolosa-Hunt syndrome among ophthalmoplegic patients: a retrospective analysis. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2015;55(2):252–64.

Article  Google Scholar 

Akpinar ÇK, Özbenli T, Doğru H, Incesu L. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome-cranial neuroimaging findings. Arch. Neuropsychiatry. 2017;54(3):251.

Google Scholar 

Bhatkar S, Mahesh KV, Sachdeva J, Goel A, Goyal MK, Takkar A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus computed tomographic scan (CT scan) of brain in evaluation of suspected cavernous sinus syndrome. Neuroradiol J. 2020;33(6):501–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu YC, Hsieh TC, Kao CH, Liu YL, Yen KY, Sun SS. A rare case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome imaged with FDG PET/CT and MRI. Clin Nucl Med. 2011;36(7):574–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arthur A, Sivadasan A, Mannam P, Prabakhar AT, Aaron S, Mathew V, et al. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: long-term outcome and role of steroid-sparing agents. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2020;23(2):201.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon HS, Kim TY, Kim JH, Bae JH, Koh SH, Choi H, et al. Use of methotrexate in the management of recurrent Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: two case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(17): e19882.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halabi T, Sawaya R. Successful treatment of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome after a single infusion of infliximab. J Clin Neurol Seoul Korea. 2018;14(1):126–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mormont E, Laloux P, Vauthier J, Ossemann M. Radiotherapy in a case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2000;20(10):931–3.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee JM, Park JS, Koh EJ. Gamma Knife radiosurgery in steroid-intolerant Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(1):143–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Time to retire the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome? | Practical Neurology [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 29]. Available from: https://pn.bmj.com/content/18/5/350.long.

Cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome manifesting as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome - C Höhne, E Schuh, T Kümpfel, A Straube, 2016 [Internet]. [cited 2023 Aug 29]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102416629239?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed.

Vegunta S, Bohnsack J, Crum A, Digre K, Katz B, Seay M, et al. Multiple cranial neuropathies and pachymeningitis in a patient with a pathogenic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 polymorphism. J Neuroophthalmol. 2021;41(4):547.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cakirer S. MRI findings in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome before and after systemic corticosteroid therapy. Eur J Radiol. 2003;45(2):83–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ata F, Yousaf Z, Arachchige SNM, Rose S, Alshurafa A, Muthanna B, et al. The demographics of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in Qatar. Eneurologicalsci. 2021;24: 100359.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar