Effect of Lavandula angustifolia and Cananga odorata on decrease of blood pressure in high blood pressure volunteers: A randomized controlled trial

The world's population is trending to a completely aging society. The number of elderly people may increase to 2 billion in 2050.1 These people have a high risk of non-communicable diseases, including hypertension.2 Hypertension is associated with other cardiovascular diseases. The prevention and treatment of hypertension results in a decreased risk of other diseases and death.3 However, medicine for hypertension may cause adverse effects including cough, edema, weakness, insomnia, and depression.4 Thus, alternative treatments may be beneficial to patients. Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils for therapy.5 The odorant molecule of an essential oil binds the receptor and sends a signal to the brain, which is the center controlling body function.6 Aromatherapy has advantages for both physical and mental health, such as pain relief, insomnia and anxiety reduction, immune function enhancement, and hypertension improvement.7 Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) are fragrant plants.8,9 The major components of lavender oil are linalool and linalyl acetate10, while linalool is the major component of ylang ylang oil.9 These substances affect the central nervous system, resulting in relaxation and stress reduction11,12 and have a positive association with hypertension therapy. Kim et al. showed that inhalation of 2% of lavender oil for 5 minutes decreased stress and needle insertion pain in volunteers without side effect.13 Furthermore, anxiety and depression of high risk postpartum woman treated with 2% of lavender oil for 4 weeks significantly reduced compared to non-treated group.14 Studies on the effect of lavender oil and ylang ylang oil in high blood pressure treatment showed that they significantly decrease blood pressure; systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate were slowly reduced after receiving both essential oils via inhalation.15 The study of lavender oil in hypertensive patients presented that inhalation of lavender oil, 10 min/day, for 14 days decreased SBP and DBP in hypertensive patients.16 Inhalation of 10% of lavender oil also significantly decreased SBP and DBP compared to the inhalation of base oil (control).17 It also increased relaxation higher than control. The SBP of volunteers after inhaling ylang ylang oil for 60 minutes reduced more than the control group.18 Besides, the combination of both oils also had positive effect on decreasing the SBP and DBP in hypertensive patients compared to the control group (artificial fragrance oil).19 However, aromatherapy still has limitations. Most aromatherapy processes occur via inhalation and massage, which require a special place and time for the treatment. The concentration of the essential oils that patients inhale for the treatment is difficult to control. Moreover, the high cost of the therapy may limit the treatment approach for some patients. Therefore, sticker pads containing lavender and ylang ylang oil were developed. The quality and quantity of the oils in each pad was under controlled. They were identified and tested on every production batch. The advantage of these pads is that they are cheaper, save time, and are more comfortable for application in daily life. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety of sticker pads containing lavender and ylang ylang oil (LY pads) in healthy volunteers; the efficacy and safety of LY pads in high blood pressure volunteers was also investigated. Additionally, identification and release of lavender oil and ylang ylang oil from LY pads were tested.

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