Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(9):1006–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maspero C, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Rosso G, Farronato G. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a literature review. Minerva Stomatol. 2015;64(2):97–109.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT. Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2660–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Hypoxia-inducible factors and obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Investig. 2020;130(10):5042–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Unnikrishnan D, Jun J, Polotsky V. Inflammation in sleep apnea: an update. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2015;16(1):25–34.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yaggi HK, Strohl KP. Adult obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: definitions, risk factors, and pathogenesis. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(2):179–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, Dempsey JA, Khayat R, Javaheri S, et al. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and Clinical Cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841–58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, Redline S, Brown DL, El-Sherif N, et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(3):e56–e67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paschou SA, Bletsa E, Saltiki K, Kazakou P, Kantreva K, Katsaounou P et al. Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Risk in patients with prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2022;14(23).

Kim DH, Kim B, Han K, Kim SW. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8751.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dunietz GL, Chervin RD, Burke JF, Conceicao AS, Braley TJ. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and Dementia risk in older adults. Sleep. 2021;44(9).

Neau JP, Paquereau J, Meurice JC, Chavagnat JJ, Gil R. Stroke and sleep apnoea: cause or consequence? Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(6):457–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, Kuhlmann DC, Mehra R, Ramar K, et al. Clinical practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Sleep Medicine: JCSM : Official Publication Am Acad Sleep Med. 2017;13(3):479–504.

Google Scholar 

Wang J, Xu C, Xun Y, Lu Z, Shi J, Yu C, et al. ZJU index: a novel model for predicting nonalcoholic fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese population. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16494.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Qin P, Cao L, Lou Y, Shi J, Zhao P, et al. Dose-response association of the ZJU index and fatty Liver Disease risk: a large cohort in China. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(5):1326–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mesarwi OA, Loomba R, Malhotra A. Obstructive sleep apnea, Hypoxia, and nonalcoholic fatty Liver Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(7):830–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chung GE, Cho EJ, Yoo JJ, Chang Y, Cho Y, Park SH, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty Liver Disease is associated with the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):13473.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao M, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang R, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to unhealthy metabolic status, and vascular Disease in Chinese adults: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003351.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Afshin A, Reitsma MB, Murray CJL. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1496–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meliante PG, Zoccali F, Cascone F, Di Stefano V, Greco A, de Vincentiis M et al. Molecular Pathology, oxidative stress, and biomarkers in obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6).

Rich J, Raviv A, Raviv N, Brietzke SE. All-cause mortality and obstructive sleep apnea severity revisited. Otolaryngology–head and neck Surgery: Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2012;147(3):583–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang M, Wang Y, Wang M, Tong R, Shi T. Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and one-year mortality in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Overlap Syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:767982.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu W, Chi L, Row BW, Xu R, Ke Y, Xu B, et al. Increased oxidative stress is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated brain cortical neuronal cell apoptosis in a mouse model of sleep apnea. Neuroscience. 2004;126(2):313–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin GM, Redline S, Klein R, Colangelo LA, Cotch MF, Wong TY et al. Sex-Specific Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Retinal Microvascular signs: the multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Association. 2016;5(7).

Lin GM, Colangelo LA, Lloyd-Jones DM, Redline S, Yeboah J, Heckbert SR, et al. Association of Sleep Apnea and Snoring With Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(1):49–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drager LF, Togeiro SM, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G. Obstructive sleep apnea: a cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(7):569–76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li M, Li X, Lu Y. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and metabolic Diseases. Endocrinology. 2018;159(7):2670–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorkova Z, Petrasova D, Molcanyiova A, Popovnakova M, Tkacova R. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on cardiovascular risk profile in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome. Chest. 2008;134(4):686–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lebkuchen A, Carvalho VM, Venturini G, Salgueiro JS, Freitas LS, Dellavance A, et al. Metabolomic and lipidomic profile in men with obstructive sleep apnoea: implications for diagnosis and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11270.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ryan S, Arnaud C, Fitzpatrick SF, Gaucher J, Tamisier R, Pépin JL. Adipose tissue as a key player in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respiratory Review: Official J Eur Respiratory Soc. 2019;28(152).

Tanné F, Gagnadoux F, Chazouillères O, Fleury B, Wendum D, Lasnier E, et al. Chronic liver injury during obstructive sleep apnea. Hepatology (Baltimore MD). 2005;41(6):1290–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uchiyama T, Ota H, Ohbayashi C, Takasawa S. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on Cytokine expression involved in insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23).

Paschetta E, Belci P, Alisi A, Liccardo D, Cutrera R, Musso G, et al. OSAS-related inflammatory mechanisms of liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty Liver Disease. Mediat Inflamm. 2015;2015:815721.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fu CP, Ali H, Rachakonda VP, Oczypok EA, DeLany JP, Kershaw EE. The ZJU index is a powerful surrogate marker for NAFLD in severely obese north American women. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(11):e0224942.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji B, Qu H, Wang H, Wei H, Deng H. The ZJU index: a useful indicator for recognizing insulin resistance in the Chinese general population. Acta Diabetol. 2016;53(5):817–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar