NCI Cancer Stats. Acute myeloid leukemia—cancer stat facts. @NCICancerStats; 2023.

Miranda-Filho A, Piñeros M, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Monnereau A, Bray F. Epidemiological patterns of leukaemia in 184 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5:e14–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chihara D, Ito H, Matsuda T, Shibata A, Katsumi A, Nakamura S, et al. Differences in incidence and trends of haematological malignancies in Japan and the United States. Br J Haematol. 2014;164:536–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shallis RM, Wang R, Davidoff A, Ma X, Zeidan AM. Epidemiology of acute myeloid leukemia: recent progress and enduring challenges. Blood Rev. 2019;36:70–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maynadié M, Girodon F, Manivet-Janoray I, Mounier M, Mugneret F, Bailly F, et al. Twenty-five years of epidemiological recording on myeloid malignancies: data from the specialized registry of hematologic malignancies of Cote d’Or (Burgundy, France). Haematologica. 2011;96:55–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sant M, Allemani C, Tereanu C, De Angelis R, Capocaccia R, Visser O, et al. Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project. Blood. 2010;116:3724–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinmohamed AG, Visser O, van Norden Y, Blijlevens NM, Cornelissen JJ, Huls GA, et al. Treatment, trial participation and survival in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a population-based study in the Netherlands, 1989–2012. Leukemia. 2016;30:24–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phekoo KJ, Richards MA, Møller H, Schey SA. The incidence and outcome of myeloid malignancies in 2,112 adult patients in southeast England. Haematologica. 2006;91:1400–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maynadié M, De Angelis R, Marcos-Gragera R, Visser O, Allemani C, Tereanu C, et al. Survival of European patients diagnosed with myeloid malignancies: a HAEMACARE study. Haematologica. 2013;98:230–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pulte D, Redaniel MT, Jansen L, Brenner H, Jeffreys M. Recent trends in survival of adult patients with acute leukemia: overall improvements, but persistent and partly increasing disparity in survival of patients from minority groups. Haematologica. 2013;98:222–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sant M, Minicozzi P, Mounier M, Anderson LA, Brenner H, Holleczek B, et al. Survival for haematological malignancies in Europe between 1997 and 2008 by region and age: results of EUROCARE-5, a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:931–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Angelis R, Minicozzi P, Sant M, Dal Maso L, Brewster DH, Osca-Gelis G, et al. Survival variations by country and age for lymphoid and myeloid malignancies in Europe 2000–2007: results of EUROCARE-5 population-based study. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:2254–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swerdlow SCE, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, Vardiman JW. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO Press; 2008.

Google Scholar 

Grimwade D, Walker H, Harrison G, Oliver F, Chatters S, Harrison CJ, et al. The predictive value of hierarchical cytogenetic classification in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): analysis of 1065 patients entered into the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood. 2001;98:1312–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grimwade D, Hills RK, Moorman AV, Walker H, Chatters S, Goldstone AH, et al. Refinement of cytogenetic classification in acute myeloid leukemia: determination of prognostic significance of rare recurring chromosomal abnormalities among 5876 younger adult patients treated in the United Kingdom Medical Research Council trials. Blood. 2010;116:354–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Slovak ML, Kopecky KJ, Cassileth PA, Harrington DH, Theil KS, Mohamed A, et al. Karyotypic analysis predicts outcome of preremission and postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Blood. 2000;96:4075–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuriyama K, Tomonaga M, Kobayashi T, Nishikawa K, Ohsima T, Furusawa S, et al. Trial to extract prognostic factors prior to the start of induction chemotherapy for adult AML. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1998. p. 901–5.

Google Scholar 

Miyawaki S, Sakamaki H, Ohtake S, Emi N, Yagasaki F, Mitani K, et al. A randomized, postremission comparison of four courses of standard-dose consolidation therapy without maintenance therapy versus three courses of standard-dose consolidation with maintenance therapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia: the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group AML 97 Study. Cancer. 2005;104:2726–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohtake S, Miyawaki S, Fujita H, Kiyoi H, Shinagawa K, Usui N, et al. Randomized study of induction therapy comparing standard-dose idarubicin with high-dose daunorubicin in adult patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: the JALSG AML201 study. Blood. 2011;117:2358–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wakita A, Ohtake S, Takada S, Yagasaki F, Komatsu H, Miyazaki Y, et al. Randomized comparison of fixed-schedule versus response-oriented individualized induction therapy and use of ubenimex during and after consolidation therapy for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: the JALSG GML200 study. Int J Hematol. 2012;96:84–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asou N, Kishimoto Y, Kiyoi H, Okada M, Kawai Y, Tsuzuki M, et al. A randomized study with or without intensified maintenance chemotherapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia who have become negative for PML-RARalpha transcript after consolidation therapy: the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG) APL97 study. Blood. 2007;110:59–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:452–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of acute leukemia of megakaryocyte lineage (M7). A report of the French–American–British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:460–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French–American–British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:620–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al. Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML-MO). Br J Haematol. 1991;78:325–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maynadié M, Verret C, Moskovtchenko P, Mugneret F, Petrella T, Caillot D, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of myelodysplastic syndrome in a well-defined French population. Br J Cancer. 1996;74:288–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Germing U, Strupp C, Kündgen A, Bowen D, Aul C, Haas R, et al. No increase in age-specific incidence of myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica. 2004;89:905–10.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rollison DE, Howlader N, Smith MT, Strom SS, Merritt WD, Ries LA, et al. Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myeloproliferative disorders in the United States, 2001–2004, using data from the NAACCR and SEER programs. Blood. 2008;112:45–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cogle CR, Craig BM, Rollison DE, List AF. Incidence of the myelodysplastic syndromes using a novel claims-based algorithm: high number of uncaptured cases by cancer registries. Blood. 2011;117:7121–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neukirchen J, Schoonen WM, Strupp C, Gattermann N, Aul C, Haas R, et al. Incidence and prevalence of myelodysplastic syndromes: data from the Düsseldorf MDS-registry. Leuk Res. 2011;35:1591–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chihara D, Ito H, Katanoda K, Shibata A, Matsuda T, Sobue T, et al. Incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2014;24:469–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinmohamed AG, Visser O, van Norden Y, Huijgens PC, Sonneveld P, van de Loosdrecht AA, et al. Trends in incidence, initial treatment and survival of myelodysplastic syndromes: a population-based study of 5144 patients diagnosed in the Netherlands from 2001 to 2010. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1004–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinmohamed AG, Brink M, Visser O, Sonneveld P, van de Loosdrecht AA, Jongen-Lavrencic M, et al. Trends in incidence, primary treatment and survival in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: a population-based study of 1359 patients diagnosed in the Netherlands from 1989 to 2012. Br J Haematol. 2015;171:436–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinmohamed AG, van Norden Y, Visser O, Posthuma EF, Huijgens PC, Sonneveld P, et al. The use of medical claims to assess incidence, diagnostic procedures and initial treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in the Netherlands. Leuk Res. 2015;39:177–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeidan AM, Shallis RM, Wang R, Davidoff A, Ma X. Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes: why characterizing the beast is a prerequisite to taming it. Blood Rev. 2019;34:1–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberg SL, Chen E, Corral M, Guo A, Mody-Patel N, Pecora AL, et al. Incidence and clinical complications of myelodysplastic syndromes among United States Medicare beneficiaries. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:2847–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozema J, Hoogendoorn M, Kibbelaar R, van den Berg E, Veeger N, van Roon E. Comorbidities and malignancies negatively affect survival in myelodysplastic syndromes: a population-based study. Blood Adv. 2021;5:1344–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central