Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Blyth F, Woolf A, Bain C, Williams G, Smith E, Vos T, Barendregt J, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:968–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodman DM, Burke AE, Livingston EH. JAMA patient page. Low back pain JAMA. 2013;309:1738.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP. Low back pain. Lancet. 2021;398:78–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morlion B. Chronic low back pain: pharmacological, interventional and surgical strategies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:462–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fenton-White HA. Trailblazing: the historical development of the posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Spine J. 2021;21:1528–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan M, Li Q, Li S, Mao H, Meng B, Zhou F, Yang H. Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: indications and complications. Pain Phys. 2020;23:49–56.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Hu Y, Hao D, Li T, Jia Y, Hu W, Xu Z. New strategies for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration: cell, exosome, gene, and tissue engineering. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:8031–48.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Risbud MV, Shapiro IM. Role of cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: pain and disc content. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:44–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Francisco V, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lago F, Karppinen J, Tervonen O, Mobasheri A, Gualillo O. A new immunometabolic perspective of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18:47–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao B, Jiang B, Xing W, Xie Z, Luo Z, Zou W. Discovery and application of postnatal nucleus pulposus progenitors essential for intervertebral disc homeostasis and degeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2104888.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu B, Lv X, Wei L, Wang Y, Zheng G, Yang C, Zang F, Wang J, Li J, Wu X, et al. Sensory nerve maintains intervertebral disc extracellular matrix homeostasis Via CGRP/CHSY1 axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2202620.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun K, Jiang J, Wang Y, Sun X, Zhu J, Xu X, Sun J, Shi J. The role of nerve fibers and their neurotransmitters in regulating intervertebral disc degeneration. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;81:101733.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu W, Ma Z, Wang Y, Yang J. Multiple nano-drug delivery systems for intervertebral disc degeneration: current status and future perspectives. Bioact Mater. 2023;23:274–99.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Shen N, Tao Y, Wang J, Xia K, Ying L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Hua J, Liang C, et al. Nucleus pulposus cell-derived efficient microcarrier for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. Biofabrication. 2023;15:025008.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Cai F, Tang J, Xu Y, Guo K, Xu Z, Feng Y, Xi K, Gu Y, Chen L. Oxygen metabolism-balanced engineered hydrogel microspheres promote the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus by inhibiting acid-sensitive complexes. Bioact Mater. 2023;24:346–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen T, Qian Q, Makvandi P, Zare EN, Chen Q, Chen L, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou W, Wang H, et al. Engineered high-strength biohydrogel as a multifunctional platform to deliver nucleic acid for ameliorating intervertebral disc degeneration. Bioact Mater. 2023;25:107–21.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim S, An SB, Jung M, Joshi HP, Kumar H, Kim C, Song SY, Lee JR, Kang M, Han I, Kim BS. Local delivery of senolytic drug inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration and restores intervertebral disc structure. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022;11:e2101483.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakai D, Andersson GB. Stem cell therapy for intervertebral disc regeneration: obstacles and solutions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:243–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyu FJ, Cheung KM, Zheng Z, Wang H, Sakai D, Leung VY. IVD progenitor cells: a new horizon for understanding disc homeostasis and repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15:102–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Zhu H, Xia J, Zhu Y, Xia C, Hu Z, Jin Y, Wang J, He Y, Dai J, Hu Z. High-performance multi-dynamic bond cross-linked hydrogel with spatiotemporal siRNA delivery for gene-cell combination therapy of intervertebral disc degeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023;10:e2206306.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng B, Li Y. Concerns about cell therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. NPJ Regen Med. 2022;7:46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oehme D, Goldschlager T, Ghosh P, Rosenfeld JV, Jenkin G. Cell-based therapies used to treat lumbar degenerative disc disease: a systematic review of animal studies and human clinical trials. Stem Cells Int. 2015;2015:946031.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang YC, Leung VY, Lu WW, Luk KD. The effects of microenvironment in mesenchymal stem cell-based regeneration of intervertebral disc. Spine J. 2013;13:352–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kass LE, Nguyen J. Nanocarrier-hydrogel composite delivery systems for precision drug release. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;14:e1756.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao H, Duan L, Zhang Y, Cao J, Zhang K. Current hydrogel advances in physicochemical and biological response-driven biomedical application diversity. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:426.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tao B, Lin C, Qin X, Yu Y, Guo A, Li K, Tian H, Yi W, Lei D, Chen Y, Chen L. Fabrication of gelatin-based and Zn(2+)-incorporated composite hydrogel for accelerated infected wound healing. Mater Today Bio. 2022;13:100216.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Han Y, Wang X, Peng J, Xu Y, Chang J. Multifunctional hydrogels prepared by dual ion cross-linking for chronic wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9:16054–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi W, Fang F, Kong Y, Greer SE, Kuss M, Liu B, Xue W, Jiang X, Lovell P, Mohs AM, et al. Dynamic hyaluronic acid hydrogel with covalent linked gelatin as an anti-oxidative bioink for cartilage tissue engineering. Biofabrication. 2021;14(1):014107.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lin S, Yin S, Shi J, Yang G, Wen X, Zhang W, Zhou M, Jiang X. Orchestration of energy metabolism and osteogenesis by Mg(2+) facilitates low-dose BMP-2-driven regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2022;18:116–27.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maguire D, Neytchev O, Talwar D, McMillan D, Shiels PG. Telomere homeostasis: interplay with magnesium. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(1):157.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yamagami R, Bingaman JL, Frankel EA, Bevilacqua PC. Cellular conditions of weakly chelated magnesium ions strongly promote RNA stability and catalysis. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2149.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maier JA, Castiglioni S, Locatelli L, Zocchi M, Mazur A. Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021;115:37–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheltova AA, Kharitonova MV, Iezhitsa IN, Spasov AA. Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: an update. Biomedicine (Taipei). 2016;6:20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolf FI, Trapani V, Simonacci M, Ferre S, Maier JA. Magnesium deficiency and endothelial dysfunction: is oxidative stress involved? Magnes Res. 2008;21:58–64.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurian AG, Singh RK, Patel KD, Lee JH, Kim HW. Multifunctional GelMA platforms with nanomaterials for advanced tissue therapeutics. Bioact Mater. 2022;8:267–95.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao Q, Niu X, Shao L, Zhou L, Lin Z, Sun A, Fu J, Chen Z, Hu J, Liu Y, He Y. 3D printing of complex GelMA-based scaffolds with nanoclay. Biofabrication. 2019;11:035006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang T, Wang Y, Li R, Xin J, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Xiao C, Zhang S. ROS-responsive magnesium-containing microspheres for antioxidative treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Acta Biomater. 2023;158:475–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26:1873–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyu FJ, Cui H, Pan H, Mc Cheung K, Cao X, Iatridis JC, Zheng Z. Painful intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammation: from laboratory evidence to clinical interventions. Bone Res. 2021;9:7.

Article  CAS