Kales HC, Gitlin LN, Lyketsos CG (2015) Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of Dementia. BMJ 350:h369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h369

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lyketsos CG, Carrillo MC, Ryan JM, Khachaturian AS, Trzepacz P, Amatniek J, Cedarbaum J, Brashear R, Miller DS (2011) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimers Dement 7:532–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.2410

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao QF, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Tan MS, Tan L, Xu W, Li JQ, Wang J, Lai TJ, Yu JT (2016) The prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 190:264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.069

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asmer MS, Kirkham J, Newton H, Ismail Z, Elbayoumi H, Leung RH, Seitz DP (2018) Meta-analysis of the prevalence of major depressive disorder among older adults with dementia. J Clin Psychiatry 79:17r11772. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11772

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eikelboom WS, van den Berg E, Singleton EH, Baart SJ, Coesmans M, Leeuwis AE, Teunissen CE, van Berckel BNM, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Ossenkoppele R, Papma JM (2021) Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms across the Alzheimer disease clinical spectrum: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Neurology 97:e1276–e1287. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000012598

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller DS, Robert P, Ereshefsky L, Adler L, Bateman D, Cummings J, DeKosky ST, Fischer CE, Husain M, Ismail Z, Jaeger J, Lerner AJ, Li A, Lyketsos CG, Manera V, Mintzer J, Moebius HJ, Mortby M, Meulien D, Pollentier S, Porsteinsson A, Rasmussen J, Rosenberg PB, Ruthirakuhan MT, Sano M, Zucchero Sarracini Z, Lanctôt KL (2021) Diagnostic criteria for apathy in neurocognitive disorders. Alzheimers Dement 17:1892–1904. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12358

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Dang M, Zhang Z (2021) Brain mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of symptom-general and -specific lesion patterns. Mol Neurodegener 16:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00456-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ismail Z, Elbayoumi H, Fischer CE, Hogan DB, Millikin CP, Schweizer T, Mortby ME, Smith EE, Patten SB, Fiest KM (2017) Prevalence of depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3162

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiels WA, Wittens MMJ, Zeeuws D, Baeken C, Engelborghs S (2021) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to AD: relation with disease stage and cognitive deficits. Front Psychiatry 12:707580. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707580

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Steffens DC, Au R, Folstein M, Summergrad P, Yee J, Rosenberg I, Mwamburi DM, Qiu WQ (2008) Amyloid-associated depression: a prodromal depression of Alzheimer disease? Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:542–550. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.542

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zubenko GS, Zubenko WN, McPherson S, Spoor E, Marin DB, Farlow MR, Smith GE, Geda YE, Cummings JL, Petersen RC, Sunderland T (2003) A collaborative study of the emergence and clinical features of the major depressive syndrome of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 160:857–866

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modrego PJ (2010) Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 21:1077–1087. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2010-100153

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuring JK, Mathias JL, Ward L (2018) Prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 28:393–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-018-9396-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Novais F, Starkstein S (2015) Phenomenology of depression in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 47:845–855. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-148004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirza SS, Wolters FJ, Swanson SA, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA (2016) 10-Year trajectories of depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry 3:628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00097-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johansson M, Stomrud E, Johansson PM, Svenningsson A, Palmqvist S, Janelidze S, van Westen D, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Hansson O (2022) Development of apathy, anxiety, and depression in cognitively unimpaired older adults: effects of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and cognitive decline. Biol Psychiatry 92:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.012

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galts CPC, Bettio LEB, Jewett DC, Yang CC, Brocardo PS, Rodrigues ALS, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J (2019) Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: common mechanisms and current treatment options. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 102:56–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linnemann C, Lang UE (2020) Pathways connecting late-life depression and dementia. Front Pharmacol 11:279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00279

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang Y, Zou D, Li Y, Gu S, Dong J, Ma X, Xu S, Wang F, Huang JH (2022) Monoamine neurotransmitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 15:1203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15101203

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ślifirski G, Król M, Turło J (2021) 5-HT receptors and the development of new antidepressants. Int J Mol Sci 22:9015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169015

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA (2023) The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry 28:3243–3256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Erritzoe D, Godlewska BR, Rizzo G, Searle GE, Agnorelli C, Lewis Y, Ashok AH, Colasanti A, Boura I, Farrell C, Parfitt H, Howes O, Passchier J, Gunn RN, Politis M, Nutt DJ, Cowen PJ, Knudsen GM, Rabiner EA (2023) Brain serotonin release is reduced in patients with depression: a [(11)C]cimbi-36 positron emission tomography study with a d-amphetamine challenge. Biol Psychiatry 93:1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haleem DJ (2022) Glucocorticoids in the physiological and transcriptional regulation of 5-HT1A receptor and the pathogenesis of depression. Neuroscientist 28:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420975711

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martín-Hernández D, Pereira MP, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Madrigal JLM, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Caso JR (2019) Modulation of monoaminergic systems by antidepressants in the frontal cortex of rats after chronic mild stress exposure. Mol Neurobiol 56:7522–7533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1619-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roberts C, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2020) Psychological mechanisms and functions of 5-HT and SSRIs in potential therapeutic change: lessons from the serotonergic modulation of action selection, learning, affect, and social cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 119:138–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zweig RM, Ross CA, Hedreen JC, Steele C, Cardillo JE, Whitehouse PJ, Folstein MF, Price DL (1989) Neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Clin Biol Res 317:353–365

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krashia P, Nobili A, D’Amelio M (2019) Unifying hypothesis of dopamine neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases: focusing on Alzheimer’s disease. Front Mol Neurosci 12:123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00123

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krashia P, Spoleti E, D’Amelio M (2022) The VTA dopaminergic system a diagnostic and therapeutical target for Alzheimer’s disease. Front Psychiatry 13:1039725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1039725

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Truchot L, Costes N, Zimmer L, Laurent B, Le Bars D, Thomas-Antérion C, Mercier B, Hermier M, Vighetto A, Krolak-Salmon PA (2008) Distinct [18F]MPPF PET profile in amnestic mild cognitive impairment compared to mild Alzheimer’s disease. NeuroImage 40:1251–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.030

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gannon M, Che P, Chen Y, Jiao K, Roberson ED, Wang Q (2015) Noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 9:220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00220

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Yan J, Zhou P, Li J, Gao H, Xia Y, Wang Q (2012) Neurotransmitter receptors and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 97:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.02.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Yoo MJ, Savonenko A, Stirling W, Price DL, Borchelt DR, Mamounas L, Lyons WE, Blue ME, Lee MK (2008) Amyloid pathology is associated with progressive monoaminergic neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 28:13805–13814.