Global Health Metrics [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com.

Wolfstadt JI, Cole BJ, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Viswanathan S, Chahal J. Current Concepts. Sports health: a multidisciplinary approach. 2015;7(1):38–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Issa MR, Naja AS, Bouji NZ, Sagherian BH. The role of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14:1759720X2211460.

Kraeutler MJ, Chahla J, LaPrade RF, Pascual-Garrido C. Biologic options for articular cartilage wear (platelet-rich plasma, stem cells, bone marrow aspirate concentrate). Clin Sports Med. 2017;36(3):457–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sen R, Hurley J. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023 [cited 2023 May 15]. Osteoarthritis. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482326/.

Lu L, Dai C, Zhang Z, Du H, Li S, Ye P, et al. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase IIb clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):143.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hong Z, Chen J, Zhang S, Zhao C, Bi M, Chen X, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fractions for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind randomized self-controlled trial. Int Orthop. 2019;43(5):1123–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freitag J, Bates D, Wickham J, Shah K, Huguenin L, Tenen A, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Regen Med. 2019;14(3):213–30.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Strotman PK, Novicoff WM, Nelson SJ, Browne JA. Increasing public interest in stem cell injections for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: a google trends analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2019;34(6):1053–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turner L, Knoepfler P. Selling stem cells in the USA: assessing the direct-to-consumer industry. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;19(2):154–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evenbratt H, Andreasson L, Bicknell V, Brittberg M, Mobini R, Simonsson S. Insights into the present and future of cartilage regeneration and joint repair. Cell Regen. 2022;11(1):3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsvetkova AV, Vakhrushev IV, Basok YB, Grigor’Ev AM, Kirsanova LA, Lupatov AY, et al. Chondrogeneic potential of MSC from different sources in spheroid culture. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2021;170(4):528–36.

Contentin R, Jammes M, Bourdon B, Cassé F, Bianchi A, Audigié F, et al. Bone marrow MSC secretome increases equine articular chondrocyte collagen accumulation and their migratory capacities. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(10):5795.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Lee E, Epanomeritakis IE, Lu V, Khan W. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell implants for the treatment of focal chondral defects of the knee in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3227. Review of stem cell.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barry F. MSC Therapy for osteoarthritis: an unfinished story. J Orthop Res. 2019;37(6):1229–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marino-Martinez I, Martinez-Castro A, Pena-Martinez V, Acosta-Olivo C, Vilchez-Cavazos F, Guzman-Lopez A, et al. Human amniotic membrane intra-articular injection prevents cartilage damage in an osteoarthritis model. Exp Ther Med. 2018.

Gomoll AH, Farr J, Cole BJ, Flanigan DC, Lattermann C, Mandelbaum BR, et al. Safety and efficacy of an amniotic suspension allograft injection over 12 months in a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthros J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2021;37(7):2246–57.

Kunze KN, Burnett RA, Wright-Chisem J, Frank RM, Chahla J. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatments and available formulations. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(3):264–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shariatzadeh M, Song J, Wilson SL. The efficacy of different sources of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;378(3):399–410.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang S, Lee K, Ju JH. Recent updates of diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment on osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2619.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mavrogenis AF, Karampikas V, Zikopoulos A, Sioutis S, Mastrokalos D, Koulalis D, et al. Orthobiologics: a review. Int Orthop. 2023.

Cosenza S, Ruiz M, Toupet K, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and microparticles protect cartilage and bone from degradation in osteoarthritis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16214.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mamede AC, Carvalho MJ, Abrantes AM, Laranjo M, Maia CJ, Botelho MF. Amniotic membrane: from structure and functions to clinical applications. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;349(2):447–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McQuilling JP, Vines JB, Kimmerling KA, Mowry KC. Proteomic comparison of amnion and chorion and evaluation of the effects of processing on placental membranes. Wounds. 2017;29(6):E36-40.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta A. Allogenic amniotic tissue for treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(4):404.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta A, Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Lee CE, Levy HJ, El-Amin SF. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a non-randomized, open-label, multi-center trial. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):143.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta A, El-Amin SF, Levy HJ, Sze-Tu R, Ibim SE, Maffulli N. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for regenerative medicine applications. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):49.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta A, Maffulli N, Rodriguez HC, Mistovich RJ, Delfino K, Cady C, et al. Cell-free stem cell-derived extract formulation for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: study protocol for a preliminary non-randomized, open-label, multi-center feasibility and safety study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):514.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flannery CR, Seaman SA, Buddin KE, Nasert MA, Semler EJ, Kelley KL, et al. A novel placental tissue biologic, PTP-001, inhibits inflammatory and catabolic responses in vitro and prevents pain and cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2021;29(8):1203–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reece DS, Burnsed OA, Parchinski K, Marr EE, White RM, Salazar-Noratto GE, et al. Reduced size profile of amniotic membrane particles decreases osteoarthritis therapeutic efficacy. Tissue Eng Part A. 2020;26(1–2):28–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimmerling KA, Gomoll AH, Farr J, Mowry KC. Amniotic suspension allograft modulates inflammation in a rat pain model of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(5):1141–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farr J, Gomoll AH, Yanke AB, Strauss EJ, Mowry KC. A randomized controlled single-blind study demonstrating superiority of amniotic suspension allograft injection over hyaluronic acid and saline control for modification of knee osteoarthritis symptoms. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(11):1143–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Topoluk N, Steckbeck K, Siatkowski S, Burnikel B, Tokish J, Mercuri J. Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells mitigate osteoarthritis progression in a synovial macrophage-mediated in vitro explant coculture model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2018;12(4):1097–110.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Jiang W, Yong H, He M, Yang Y, Deng Z, et al. Macrophages in osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(1):261–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwapisz A, Bowman M, Walters J, Cosh H, Burnikel B, Tokish J, et al. Human adipose- and amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells similarly mitigate osteoarthritis progression in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(14):3963–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kriston-Pál É, Haracska L, Cooper P, Kiss-Tóth E, Szukacsov V, Monostori É. A Regenerative approach to canine osteoarthritis using allogeneic, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Safety Results of a Long-Term Follow-Up. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7.

Schiavone Panni A, Vasso M, Braile A, Toro G, De Cicco A, Viggiano D, et al. Preliminary results of autologous adipose-derived stem cells in early knee osteoarthritis: identification of a subpopulation with greater response. Int Orthop. 2019;43(1):7–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sadri B, Tamimi A, Nouraein S, Bagheri Fard A, Mohammadi J, Mohammadpour M, et al. Clinical and laboratory findings following transplantation of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in knee osteoarthritis, a brief report. Connect Tissue Res. 2022;63(6):663–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yilmazer A, de Lázaro I, Bussy C, Kostarelos K. In vivo reprogramming of adult somatic cells to pluripotency by overexpression of Yamanaka factors. J Vis Exp. 2013;(82).

Lach MS, Rosochowicz MA, Richter M, Jagiełło I, Suchorska WM, Trzeciak T. The induced pluripotent stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration and disease modelling: are we ready for their clinical use? Cells. 2022;11(3):529.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Li W, Fu X, Xu Y. The immunogenicity and immune tolerance of pluripotent stem cell derivatives. Front Immunol. 2017;2:8.

Google Scholar 

Deuse T, Hu X, Gravina A, Wang D, Tediashvili G, De C, et al. Hypoimmunogenic derivatives of induced pluripotent stem cells evade immune rejection in fully immunocompetent allogeneic recipients. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37(3):252–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyazaki T, Hanamatsu H, Xu L, Onodera T, Furukawa JI, Homan K, et al. Evaluation of residual human-induced pluripotent stem cells in human chondrocytes by cell type-specific glycosphingolipid glycome analysis based on the aminolysis-SALSA technique. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21(1):231.

Yamashita A, Morioka M, Yahara Y, Okada M, Kobayashi T, Kuriyama S, et al. Generation of scaffoldless hyaline cartilaginous tissue from human iPSCs. Stem Cell Rep. 2015;4(3):404–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central