WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report. 2022.

Menzies NA, Quaife M, Allwood BW, et al. Lifetime burden of disease due to incident tuberculosis: a global reappraisal including post-tuberculosis sequelae. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(12):e1679–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00367-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dodd PJ, Osman M, Cresswell FV, et al. The global burgen of tuberculous meningitis in adults: a modelling study. PloS Glob Public Health. 2021;1(12): e00010069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000069.

Article  Google Scholar 

Torok ME. Tuberculous meningitis: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Br Med Bull. 2015;113(1):117–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldv003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garg D, Radhakrishnan DM, Agrawal U, Vanjare HA, Gandham EJ, Manesh A. Tuberculosis of the spinal cord. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2023;26(2):112–26. https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.aian_578_22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marais S, Roos I, Mitha A, Mabusha SJ, Patel V, Bhigjee AI. Spinal tuberculosis: clinicoradiological findings in 274 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(1):89–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marais S, Van Toorn R, Chow FC, et al. Management of intracranial tuberculous mass lesions: how long should we treat for? Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:158. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15501.2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manyelo CM, Solomons RS, Walzl G, Chegou NN. Tuberculous meningitis: pathogenesis, immune responses, diagnostic challenges, and the potential of biomarker-based approaches. J Clin Microbiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01771-20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donovan J, Thwaites GE, Huynh J. Tuberculous meningitis: where to from here? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(3):259–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000648.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seid G, Alemu A, Dagne B, Gamtesa DF. Microbiological diagnosis and mortality of tuberculosis meningitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2023;18(2): e0279203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ruzsíková A, Součková L, Suk P, Opatřilová R, Kejdušová M, Šrámek V. Quantitative analysis of drug losses administered via nasogastric tube—in vitro study. Int J Pharm. 2015;478(1):368–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.065.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasipanodya JG, Srivastava S, Gumbo T. Meta-analysis of clinical studies supports the pharmacokinetic variability hypothesis for acquired drug resistance and failure of antituberculosis therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):169–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis353.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aguilar Diaz JM, Abulfathi AA, Te Brake LH, et al. New and repurposed drugs for the treatment of active tuberculosis: an update for clinicians. Respiration. 2023;102(2):83–100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528274.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment—drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. 2020.

Peloquin CA, Davies GR. The treatment of tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;110(6):1455–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2261.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dian S, Yunivita V, Ganiem AR, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase ii dose-finding study to evaluate high-dose rifampin for tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01014-18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brake LT, Dian S, Ganiem AR, et al. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of an intensified regimen containing rifampicin and moxifloxacin for tuberculous meningitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45:496–503.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yunivita V, Dian S, Ganiem AR, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability of higher oral and intravenous doses of rifampicin in adult tuberculous meningitis patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(4):415–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.016.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seddon JA, Tugume L, Solomons R, Prasad K, Bahr NC, Consortium TMIR. The current global situation for tuberculous meningitis: epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:167. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15535.1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cherian A, Ajitha KC, Iype T, Divya KP. Neurotuberculosis: an update. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-020-01575-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang W, Yu J, Du J, et al. The epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in China: a large-scale multi-center observational study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8): e0237753. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237753.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang W, Liu S, Du J, et al. Epidemiology of concurrent extrapulmonary tuberculosis in inpatients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions in China: a large-scale observational multi-centre investigation. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;115:79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.11.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thuong NTT, Vinh DN, Hai HT, et al. Pretreatment cerebrospinal fluid bacterial load correlates with inflammatory response and predicts neurological events during tuberculous meningitis treatment. J Infect Dis. 2019;219(6):986–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy588.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heemskerk AD, Donovan J, Thu DDA, et al. Improving the microbiological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: a prospective, international, multicentre comparison of conventional and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain, GeneXpert, and culture of cerebrospinal fluid. J Infect. 2018;77(6):509–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.09.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garg B, Mehta N, Mukherjee RN, Swamy AM, Siamwala BS, Malik G. Epidemiological insights from 1,652 patients with spinal tuberculosis managed at a single center: a retrospective review of 5-year data. Asian Spine J. 2022;16(2):162–72. https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2021.0137.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marais S, Roos I, Mitha A, Patel V, Kalincik T, Bhigjee AI. Presentation and outcome of patients with intracranial tuberculoma in a high HIV prevalence setting. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24(2):224–32. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0386.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sy MCC, Espiritu AI, Pascual JLR. Global frequency and clinical features of stroke in patients with tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(9): e2229282. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.29282.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Logan C, Mullender C, Mirfenderesky M, et al. Presentations and outcomes of central nervous system TB in a UK cohort: the high burden of neurological morbidity. J Infect. 2021;82(1):90–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.028.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali A, Musbahi O, White VLC, Montgomery AS. Spinal tuberculosis: a literature review. JBJS Rev. 2019;7(1): e9. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.18.00035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen CH, Chen YM, Lee CW, Chang YJ, Cheng CY, Hung JK. Early diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016;115(10):825–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.07.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Laarhoven A, Dian S, Ruesen C, et al. Clinical parameters, routine inflammatory markers, and LTA4H genotype as predictors of mortality among 608 patients with tuberculous meningitis in Indonesia. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(7):1029–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix051.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thao LTP, Wolbers M, Heemskerk AD, et al. Dynamic prediction of death in patients with tuberculous meningitis using time-updated Glasgow Coma Scale and Plasma sodium measurements. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(5):827–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz262.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sehgal V, Sharma M, Lnu P, et al. Comparison of protein B polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with IS6110 PCR for diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis patients. Cureus. 2023;15(1): e33783. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33783.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marais B, Thwaites G, Schoeman J, Torok EM, Misra UK, Prasad K. Tuberculous meningitis: a uniform case definition for use in clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(11):803.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingole R, Garg RK, Malhotra HS, et al. Spectrum of central nervous system tuberculosis: an experience from a large tertiary care institution of India. Indian J Tuberc. 2019;66(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.05.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan MI, Garg RK, Rizvi I, et al. Tuberculous myelitis: a prospective follow-up study. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(9):5615–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06221-6.

Article  PubMed