Organization WH. Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia: WHO guidelines2019.

Wu WQ, Xiao ZX, Liang XN, Zhao QH, Luo JF, Ding D. Low and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 10-Year Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Shanghai Aging Study. Front Med-Lausanne. 2022;9. doi: ARTN78361810.3389/fmed.2022.783618.

Wu W, Xiao Z, Liang X, Zhao Q, Luo J, Ding D. Low and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 10-Year Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Shanghai Aging Study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:783618. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.783618.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loika Y, Feng F, Loiko E, Kulminski AM. Mediation of the APOE associations with Alzheimer’s and coronary heart diseases through body mass index and lipids. Geroscience. 2022;44(2):1141–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00458-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Psychological Medicine. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p. 651–2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700035765.

Google Scholar 

Ding D, Zhao QH, Guo QH, Meng HJ, Wang B, Luo JF, et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community in China: A cross-sectional analysis of the Shanghai Aging Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(3):300–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.11.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding D, Zhao QH, Guo QH, Meng HJ, Wang B, Yu PM, et al. The Shanghai Aging Study: Study Design, Baseline Characteristics, and Prevalence of Dementia. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;43(2):114–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000366163.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86. doi.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marra G, Wood SN. Practical variable selection for generalized additive models. Comput Stat Data An. 2011;55(7):2372–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2011.02.004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yuan KJ, Zhao CY, Yang Y, Zhou GQ. Exploring relationship between body mass index and dyslipidemia in Chinese middle-aged and elderly people based on propensity score matching. Chinese Nursing Research. 2022;36(10):1724–31. doi.

Google Scholar 

den Brok M, Eggink E, Hoevenaar-Blom MP, van Gool WA, Moll van Charante EP, Richard E, et al. Low Values for Blood Pressure, BMI, and Non-HDL Cholesterol and the Risk of Late-Life Dementia. Neurology. 2022;99(15):e1630–e9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000200954.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

2016 Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. Chin J Cardiol. 2016;31(10):937–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.10.001.

Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(13):1524–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.13.1524.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Kareholt I, Winblad B, et al. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol-Chicago. 2005;62(10):1556–60. doi: DOI https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosengren A, Skoog I, Gustafson D, Wilhelmsen L. Body mass index, other cardiovascular risk factors, and hospitalization for dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(3):321–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.3.321.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skoog I, Kalaria RN, Breteler MM. Vascular factors and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1999;13 Suppl 3:S106–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-19991200300016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitmer RA, Gunderson EP, Barrett-Connor E, Quesenberry CP,Jr., Yaffe K. Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study. BMJ. 2005;330(7504):1360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38446.466238.E0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000;404(6778):635–43. doi: Doi https://doi.org/10.1038/35007508.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gustafson DR, Mazzuco S, Ongaro F, Antuono P, Forloni G, Albani D, et al. Body Mass Index, Cognition, Disability, APOE Genotype, and Mortality: The “Treviso Longeva” Study. Am J Geriat Psychiat. 2012;20(7):594–602. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31823031a4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thomas DR. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: Examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(4):389–99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2007.03.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

BarrettConnor E, Edelstein SL, CoreyBloom J, Wiederholt WC. Weight loss precedes dementia in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(10):1147–52. doi: DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01362.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Brickman AM, Glymour MM, et al. Contribution of Vascular Risk Factors to the Progression in Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol-Chicago. 2009;66(3):343–8. doi: DOI https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.66.3.343.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ϙstergaard SD, Mukherjee S, Sharp SJ, Proitsi P, Lotta LA, Day F, et al. Associations between Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors and Alzheimer Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Plos Med. 2015;12(6). doi: ARTNe100184110.1371/journal.pmed.1001841.

Yin ZX, Shi XM, Kraus VB, Fitzgerald SM, Qian HZ, Xu JW, et al. High normal plasma triglycerides are associated with preserved cognitive function in Chinese oldest-old. Age Ageing. 2012;41(5):600–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs033.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lv YB, Yin ZX, Chei CL, Brasher MS, Zhang J, Kraus VB, et al. Serum Cholesterol Levels within the High Normal Range Are Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Chinese Elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20(3):280–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0701-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Yang M, Hao Q, Yue J, Dong B. Cross-sectional study examining the association between metabolic syndrome and cognitive function among the oldest old. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(2):105–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.10.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katsumata Y, Todoriki H, Higashiuesato Y, Yasura S, Willcox DC, Ohya Y, et al. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline among the oldest old in Okinawa: in search of a mechanism. The KOCOA Project. fJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67(2):126–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr189.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranieri P, Rozzini R, Franzoni S, Barbisoni P, Trabucchi M. Serum cholesterol levels as a measure of frailty in elderly patients. Exp Aging Res. 1998;24(2):169–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/036107398244300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Sjogren M, Gustafson D, Ostling S, Steen B, et al. High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Neurology. 2005;64(10):1689–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000161870.78572.A5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gustafson DR. Adiposity and cognitive decline: underlying mechanisms. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;30 Suppl 2:S97–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120487.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D,Jr., Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000;404(6778):661–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/35007534.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cutler RG, Kelly J, Storie K, Pedersen WA, Tammara A, Hatanpaa K, et al. Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(7):2070–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0305799101.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Refolo LM, Malester B, LaFrancois J, Bryant-Thomas T, Wang R, Tint GS, et al. Hypercholesterolemia accelerates the Alzheimer’s amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Dis. 2000;7(4):321–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.2000.0304.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sparks DL, Scheff SW, Hunsaker JC, 3rd, Liu H, Landers T, Gross DR. Induction of Alzheimer-like beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol. 1994;126(1):88–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1994.1044.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Launer LJ, White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Curb JD. Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population-based autopsy study. Neurology. 2001;57(8):1447–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.8.1447.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitz C, Tang MX, Luchsinger J, Mayeux R. Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(5):705–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.5.705.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moroney JT, Tang MX, Berglund L, Small S, Merchant C, Bell K, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of dementia with stroke. JAMA. 1999;282(3):254–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.3.254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Prohovnik I, Eidelberg D. Dementia associated with bilateral carotid occlusions: neuropsychological and haemodynamic course after extracranial to intracranial bypass surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):633–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.58.5.633.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central