Colao A, Grasso LFS, Giustina A, Melmed S, Chanson P, Pereira AM, Pivonello R (2019) Acromegaly. Nat Rev Dis Primers 5:20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0071-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melmed S (2020) Pituitary-tumor endocrinopathies. N Engl J Med 382:937–950. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1810772

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Frohman L, Ho K, Veldhuis J, Wass J, Von Werder K, Melmed S (2000) Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:526–529. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.2.6363

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Chanson P, Bronstein MD, Klibanski A, Lamberts S, Casanueva FF, Trainer P, Ghigo E, Ho K, Melmed S, Consensus A (2010) A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:3141–3148. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2670

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr., Melmed S, Molitch ME, Murad MH, Utz A, Wass JA, Endocrine S (2014) Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:3933–3951. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2700

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chanson P, Arnoux A, Mavromati M, Brailly-Tabard S, Massart C, Young J, Piketty ML, Souberbielle JC, Investigators V (2016) Reference values for IGF-I serum concentrations: comparison of six immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:3450–3458. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1257

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schilbach K, Gar C, Lechner A, Nicolay SS, Schwerdt L, Haenelt M, Dal J, Jorgensen JL, Stormann S, Schopohl J, Bidlingmaier M (2019) Determinants of the growth hormone nadir during oral glucose tolerance test in adults. Eur J Endocrinol 181:55–67. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-19-0139

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Barkan A, Beckers A, Biermasz N, Biller BMK, Boguszewski C, Bolanowski M, Bonert V, Bronstein MD, Casanueva FF, Clemmons D, Colao A, Ferone D, Fleseriu M, Frara S, Gadelha MR, Ghigo E, Gurnell M, Heaney AP, Ho K, Ioachimescu A, Katznelson L, Kelestimur F, Kopchick J, Krsek M, Lamberts S, Losa M, Luger A, Maffei P, Marazuela M, Mazziotti G, Mercado M, Mortini P, Neggers S, Pereira AM, Petersenn S, Puig-Domingo M, Salvatori R, Shimon I, Strasburger C, Tsagarakis S, van der Lely AJ, Wass J, Zatelli MC, Melmed S (2020) A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz096

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schunemann HJ, Group GW (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336:924–926. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Melmed S, Bronstein MD, Chanson P, Klibanski A, Casanueva FF, Wass JAH, Strasburger CJ, Luger A, Clemmons DR, Giustina A (2018) A Consensus Statement on acromegaly therapeutic outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:552–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0058-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swiglo BA, Murad MH, Schunemann HJ, Kunz R, Vigersky RA, Guyatt GH, Montori VM (2008) A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:666–673. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1907

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Bronstein MD, Casanueva FF, Chanson P, Ghigo E, Ho KK, Klibanski A, Lamberts S, Trainer P, Melmed S (2011) Current management practices for acromegaly: an international survey. Pituitary 14:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-010-0269-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabbah N, Wolf P, Piedvache C, Trabado S, Verdelet T, Cornu C, Souberbielle JC, Chanson P (2021) Reference values for IGF-I serum concentration in an adult population: use of the VARIETE cohort for two new immunoassays. Endocr Connect 10:1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0175

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonert V, Carmichael J, Wu Z, Mirocha J, Perez DA, Clarke NJ, Reitz RE, McPhaul MJ, Mamelak A (2018) Discordance between mass spectrometry and immunometric IGF-1 assay in pituitary Disease: a prospective study. Pituitary 21:65–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-017-0849-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clemmons DR (2011) Consensus statement on the standardization and evaluation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor assays. Clin Chem 57:555–559. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.150631

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, Emeny RT, Spranger J, Wolthers OD, Roswall J, Korner A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Hubener C, Dahlgren J, Frystyk J, Pfeiffer AF, Doering A, Bielohuby M, Wallaschofski H, Arafat AM (2014) Reference intervals for insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-i) from birth to senescence: results from a multicenter study using a new automated chemiluminescence IGF-I immunoassay conforming to recent international recommendations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:1712–1721. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3059

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleseriu M, Langlois F, Lim DST, Varlamov EV, Melmed S (2022) Acromegaly: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 10:804–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00244-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bianchi A, Mazziotti G, Tilaro L, Cimino V, Veltri F, Gaetani E, Pecorini G, Pontecorvi A, Giustina A, De Marinis L (2009) Growth hormone receptor polymorphism and the effects of pegvisomant in acromegaly. Pituitary 12:196–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-008-0157-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Menis E, Gola M, Giustina A (2006) Development of acromegaly in a patient with Anorexia Nervosa: pathogenetic and diagnostic implications. J Endocrinol Invest 29:821–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03347377

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Berardelli R, Gazzaruso C, Mazziotti G (2015) Insulin and GH-IGF-I axis: endocrine pacer or endocrine disruptor? Acta Diabetol 52:433–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-014-0635-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moncrieffe D, Cox HD, Carletta S, Becker JO, Thomas A, Eichner D, Ahrens B, Thevis M, Bowers LD, Cowan DA, Hoofnagle AN (2020) Inter-laboratory agreement of insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations measured intact by Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 66:579–586. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa043

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimaraki EV, Jaffe CA, DeMott-Friberg R, Chandler WF, Barkan AL (2002) Acromegaly with apparently normal GH secretion: implications for diagnosis and follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3537–3542. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8658

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faje AT, Barkan AL (2010) Basal, but not pulsatile, growth hormone secretion determines the ambient circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2486–2491. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2634

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Veldhuis JD (1998) Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Rev 19:717–797. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.6.0353

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ribeiro-Oliveira A Jr., Faje AT, Barkan AL (2011) Limited utility of oral glucose tolerance test in biochemically active acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 164:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0744

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hage M, Janot C, Salenave S, Chanson P, Kamenicky P (2021) MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: etiology and outcome of acromegaly in patients with a paradoxical GH response to glucose. Eur J Endocrinol 184:R261–R268. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-20-1448

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arafat AM, Muller L, Mohlig M, Mayr B, Kremenevskaya N, Pfeiffer AF, Buchfelder M, Schofl C (2011) Comparison of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 100 g with OGTT 75 g for evaluation of acromegalic patients and the impact of gender on test reproducibility. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 75:685–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04108.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexopoulou O, Bex M, Kamenicky P, Mvoula AB, Chanson P, Maiter D (2014) Prevalence and risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance and Diabetes Mellitus at diagnosis of acromegaly: a study in 148 patients. Pituitary 17:81–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-013-0471-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobri G, Niwattisaiwong S, Bena JF, Gupta M, Kirwan J, Kennedy L, Hamrahian AH (2019) Is GH nadir during OGTT a reliable test for diagnosis of acromegaly in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism? Endocrine 64:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1805-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Wehrenberg WB (1994) Growth hormone neuroregulation in Diabetes Mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 5:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(94)90005-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Bossoni S, Cimino A, Pizzocolo G, Romanelli G, Wehrenberg WB (1990) Impaired growth hormone (GH) response to pyridostigmine in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:1486–1490. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-71-6-1486

Article