Steinberg A, Shechter FR, Segal HI (1954) True pituitary addison’s disease, a pituitary unitropic deficiency; fifteen-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14(12):1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-14-12-1519

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prencipe N, Marinelli L, Varaldo E, Cuboni D, Berton AM, Bioletto F et al (2023) Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1100007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1100007

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nowakowski KJ, Tucci JR (1989) Idiopathic isolated ACTH deficiency and the response to CRF. J Endocrinol Invest 12(4):253–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03349975

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gadelha MR, Karavitaki N, Fudin J, Bettinger JJ, Raff H, Ben-Shlomo A (2022) Opioids and pituitary function: expert opinion. Pituitary 25(1):52–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-021-01202-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujita Y, Bando H, Iguchi G, Iida K, Nishizawa H, Kanie K et al (2021) Clinical heterogeneity of acquired idiopathic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:578802. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.578802

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langlois F, Varlamov EV, Fleseriu M (2022) Hypophysitis, the growing spectrum of a rare pituitary disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107(1):10–28. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab672

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takao T, Nanamiya W, Matsumoto R, Asaba K, Okabayashi T, Hashimoto K (2001) Antipituitary antibodies in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm Res 55(6):288–292. https://doi.org/10.1159/000050015

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Velardo A, Pantaleoni M, Zizzo G, Del Rio G, Coletta F, Carani C et al (1992) Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency secondary to hypothalamic deficit of corticotropin releasing hormone. J Endocrinol Invest 15(1):53–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348660

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giustina A, Romanelli G, Candrina R, Giustina G (1989) Growth hormone deficiency in patients with idiopathic adrenocorticotropin deficiency resolves during glucocorticoid replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68(1):120–124. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-68-1-120

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gotyo N, Kida M, Horiuchi T, Hirata Y (2009) Torsade De Pointes associated with recurrent ampulla cardiomyopathy in a patient with idiopathic ACTH deficiency. Endocr J 56(6):807–815. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.k09e-080

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Czarnocka B, Czech W (2003) Autoimmunity as the most frequent cause of idiopathic secondary adrenal insufficiency: report of 111 cases. Autoimmunity 36(3):155–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/0891693031000095871

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ono M, Fukuda I, Nagao M, Tomiyama K, Okazaki-Hada M, Shuto Y et al (2022) HLA analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced and idiopathic isolated ACTH deficiency. Pituitary 25(4):615–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-022-01231-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelewicz K, Miskiewicz P (2021) Glucocorticoid withdrawal-an overview on when and how to diagnose adrenal insufficiency in clinical practice. Diagnostics (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11040728

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gadelha MR, Wildemberg LE, Shimon I (2022) Pituitary acting Drugs: cabergoline and pasireotide. Pituitary 25(5):722–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-022-01238-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donegan D, Bancos I (2018) Opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 93(7):937–944

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Debono M, Chan S, Rolfe C, Jones TH (2011) Tramadol-induced adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 67(8):865–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-011-0992-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mick I, Spring K, Uhr M, Zimmermann US (2013) Alcohol administration attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity in healthy men at low genetic risk for Alcoholism, but not in high-risk subjects. Addict Biol 18(5):863–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00420.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skowronska-Jozwiak E, Orzechowski S, Pietak W, Lewinski A (2022) Rare clinical problem - isolated ACTH deficiency associated with chronic alcohol abuse. Endokrynol Pol 73(4):778–783. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.a2022.0056

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kearney T, Robinson S, Johnston DG (2000) Isolated corticotropin deficiency in chronic Alcoholism. J R Soc Med 93(1):15–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680009300105

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baba S, Takase S, Uenoyama R, Morita S, Mizoi Y, Hishida S (1976) Isolated corticotrophin-deficiency found through alcohol-induced hypoglycemic coma. Horm Metab Res 8(4):274–278. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1093634

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilis-Januszewska A, Kluczynski L, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A (2020) Traumatic brain injuries induced pituitary dysfunction: a call for algorithms. Endocr Connect 9(5):R112–R23. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0117

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hannon AM, Hunter S, Smith D, Sherlock M, O’Halloran D, Thompson CJ et al (2018) Clinical features and autoimmune associations in patients presenting with idiopathic isolated ACTH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 88(3):491–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13536

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto M, Iguchi G, Bando H, Kanie K, Hidaka-Takeno R, Fukuoka H et al (2020) Autoimmune pituitary disease: new concepts with clinical implications. Endocr Rev. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnz003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu X, Chen Y, Shen Y, Tian R, Sheng Y, Que H (2022) Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 10:1020709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020709

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iwama S, Arima H (2020) Anti-pituitary antibodies as a marker of autoimmunity in pituitary glands. Endocr J 67(11):1077–1083. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ20-0436

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richtsmeier AJ, Henry RA, Bloodworth JM Jr., Ehrlich EN (1980) Lymphoid hypophysitis with selective adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Arch Intern Med 140(9):1243–1245

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kubo N, Itokazu N, Inoue S (1997) [A case of isolated ACTH deficiency with neuromuscular symptoms]. No To Hattatsu 29(1):67–72

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mori T, Murakami Y, Nishiki M, Koshimura K, Sasano H, Kato Y (2003) Expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in isolated ACTH deficiency: a report of an autopsied case. J Endocrinol Invest 26(6):556–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03345220

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takahashi Y (2023) Paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis: a novel form of paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome. Endocr J 70(6):559–565. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0050

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bando H, Iguchi G, Kanie K, Nishizawa H, Matsumoto R, Fujita Y et al (2018) Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency as a form of paraneoplastic syndrome. Pituitary 21(5):480–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-018-0901-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuen KCJ, Johannsson G, Ho KKY, Miller BS, Bergada I, Rogol AD (2023) Diagnosis and testing for growth hormone deficiency across the ages: a global view of the accuracy, caveats, and cut-offs for diagnosis. Endocr Connections 12(7):e220504. https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-22-0504

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kamiya Y, Murakami M (2009) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus accompanied by isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and gastric cancer. Intern Med 48(12):1031–1035. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1972

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kinoshita J, Higashino S, Fushida S, Oyama K, Watanabe T, Okamoto K et al (2014) Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency development during chemotherapy for gastric cancer: a case report. J Med Case Rep 8:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-8-90

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harano Y, Kitano A, Akiyama Y, Kotajima L, Honda K, Arioka H (2015) A case of isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a rare but possible cause of hypercalcemia. Int Med Case Rep J 8:77–79. https://doi.org/10.2147/IMCRJ.S63778

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central